Coastal Erosion and Shoreline Changes along the Bay of Bengal

Abstract

The Bay of Bengal coastline represents one of the most dynamic and vulnerable coastal systems in the world, shaped by complex interactions between natural processes and anthropogenic interventions. This study examines the patterns, causes, and consequences of coastal erosion and shoreline changes along the eastern coast of India, with particular reference to West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Coastal erosion in this region is driven by a combination of wave action, tidal currents, cyclonic storms, sediment supply variations, and sea-level rise. Human activities such as dam construction, port development, sand mining, and urban expansion further exacerbate shoreline instability. The research highlights spatial variations in erosion and accretion, emphasizing critically affected zones such as the Sundarbans, Digha coast, Paradip, and the Krishna–Godavari delta. Environmental and socio-economic impacts include land loss, habitat degradation, salinization, and displacement of coastal communities. The study also evaluates mitigation strategies such as coastal zone management, mangrove restoration, and engineering interventions. It concludes by advocating an integrated and sustainable approach to coastal management that combines scientific understanding, policy measures, and community participation to enhance resilience against ongoing and future coastal challenges.