School Dropout among Marginalized Children: Causes and Interventions

Abstract

School dropout remains a persistent challenge in many countries, particularly among marginalized children who are disproportionately affected by structural inequalities, socio-economic deprivation, and systemic exclusion. This research article examines the multifaceted causes of school dropout among marginalized groups—including poverty, gender bias, caste and ethnic discrimination, geographic isolation, disability, and child labor—and analyzes how these factors interact to restrict educational participation. The article further explores the consequences of dropout on individual life chances and societal development, reviews global and national intervention strategies, and highlights evidence-based practices that can reduce dropout rates and promote retention. Drawing from theoretical frameworks such as human capital theory, social reproduction theory, and ecological systems theory, the study offers a holistic understanding of dropout dynamics and underscores the need for inclusive, contextualized, and multi-sectoral interventions. The article concludes with policy recommendations and research priorities aimed at sustaining educational access and equity for all children.