Metabolic Disorders in Hypothyroidism

Abstract

Hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by reduced thyroid hormone production, significantly impacts metabolic processes. Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating basal metabolic rate, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and protein turnover. Consequently, hypothyroidism often leads to metabolic disorders, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and weight gain. Dyslipidemia, marked by elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance may arise due to altered glucose utilization and reduced hepatic glucose production, contributing to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, hypothyroidism is associated with decreased thermogenesis and alterations in adipokine profiles, further compounding metabolic dysregulation. Understanding the interplay between thyroid dysfunction and metabolic disorders is critical for early diagnosis and targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate associated health risks. This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying metabolic disturbances in hypothyroidism and highlights emerging management approaches.