Deltaic Processes and Environmental Challenges in Eastern India

Abstract

The deltaic regions of Eastern India represent some of the most dynamic and fragile geomorphological systems in the world. Formed by the deposition of sediments carried by major river systems such as the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Mahanadi, these deltas are characterized by intricate networks of distributaries, tidal creeks, and coastal wetlands. This study examines the geomorphological processes shaping deltaic landscapes and the environmental challenges emerging from both natural dynamics and anthropogenic interventions. Focusing on the Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta and the Mahanadi delta, the paper explores sedimentation, erosion, tidal influences, and sea-level changes. It further analyzes critical environmental issues, including coastal erosion, salinization, flooding, biodiversity loss, and climate change impacts. Drawing on regional examples such as the Sundarbans, the study highlights the vulnerability of deltaic populations and ecosystems. The research emphasizes the need for sustainable management strategies integrating scientific understanding, policy interventions, and community participation to ensure resilience and long-term environmental stability.