American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769) is an open-access and double-blind peer-reviewed international journal that aims to publish original research articles, case studies, and review papers. Journal is an interdisciplinary forum for researchers that address the intersection of education and STEM learning technologies. It aims to provide implications and scopes to develop and enhance STEM education as well as the uses of technology in education at all levels across the globe. It focuses to deliver perspectives at all levels, from the micro-level of explicit educational methods and tools to be used in the learning management system, educational institutional management method, development, and implementation, curriculum & content development, graduate employability, and quality education, to the macro-level of national policies and implementations; from primary education levels to adults in both territory and vocational education levels in schools, institutions and higher institutions to online, offline and lifelong learning.
Issues Related to the Types of Procedural Functions of the Head of the Investigative Body
This article analyzes issues related to the types of procedural functions of the head of the investigative body. Additionally, problems concerning two groups of functions performed by the head of the investigative body have been thoroughly examined. Furthermore, the work of national and foreign scholars, as well as relevant legislation, has been analyzed.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
Communicative Language Teaching in Academic Lyceums: Challenges and Solutions
Academic vocabulary is a critical component of English Language Learners’ (ELLs) success in K–12 classrooms, as it directly influences comprehension, participation, and overall academic achievement across content areas. This article explores the challenges ELLs face in acquiring academic vocabulary and emphasizes the importance of explicit and systematic instruction alongside opportunities for incidental learning. Drawing on research in second language acquisition, including Krashen’s monitor model and the benefits of extensive reading, as well as Chomsky’s Universal Grammar, the study highlights how a language-rich, supportive classroom environment fosters vocabulary development. Practical strategies for teaching academic vocabulary—such as contextualized instruction, repeated exposure, and active use in speaking and writing—are discussed. The findings suggest that integrating structured vocabulary teaching with communicative and content-based activities enhances linguistic proficiency, boosts learner confidence, and supports cognitive and academic growth, ultimately enabling ELLs to succeed in both language and subject-area learning.
The study examined the challenges encountered by teachers when applying Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in second language instruction. CLT is widely regarded as one of the most effective approaches to language teaching; however, from teachers’ perspectives, it presents several practical difficulties. This approach aims to develop native-like proficiency and pronunciation while fostering the integrated development of the four language skills: reading, listening, speaking, and writing. As a result, successful implementation of CLT depends on a well-designed curriculum and appropriately selected instructional content that encourages meaningful interaction in the classroom. Despite its advantages, teachers may struggle to achieve optimal outcomes through CLT when learners show low motivation or limited interest in communicative activities. Another significant challenge arises when students fail to consistently use the target language, even though active practice is essential for language acquisition. Furthermore, translating theoretical CLT principles into effective classroom practice can be difficult, particularly when implementing the prescribed curriculum and materials. These challenges highlight the complexity of applying Communicative Language Teaching in real classroom contexts.
Comparative Analysis of Numeral Translation from German and English into Uzbek
This article analyzes the problems of translating German and English proverbs and their structural and semantic aspects, and explains them with examples. This process is quite difficult to assess. In particular, proverbs are a genre of Uzbek children's folklore that has a history of several centuries and is widespread and still actively practiced today.
The Concept of Beauty Expressed by《漂亮》in Modern Chinese
This study examines the lexical semantic and pragmatic features of the word “漂亮” in modern Chinese, focusing on its role in expressing the concept of beauty within contemporary linguistic and social contexts. In modern society, language not only serves as a means of communication but also reflects cultural values, aesthetic perceptions, and social attitudes. The word “漂亮” has become one of the most frequently used evaluative adjectives in modern Chinese and is notable for its broad applicability and semantic flexibility. Despite the high frequency of its use, existing linguistic studies have often addressed beauty related vocabulary in general terms, leaving a gap in focused analysis of “漂亮” as an independent and multifunctional evaluative unit. In particular, its semantic expansion beyond physical appearance into abstract domains such as work quality and success remains insufficiently systematized. The study employs descriptive and semantic analysis based on examples from everyday spoken Chinese and contextual usage patterns. Through qualitative examination, the research identifies core meanings, pragmatic features, and extended metaphorical uses of the word. The findings show that “漂亮” functions as a balanced and neutral evaluative adjective that expresses not only external aesthetic appeal but also effectiveness, precision, and successful outcomes. Its semantic extension reflects broader shifts in how beauty is conceptualized in modern Chinese society. The results highlight the close relationship between linguistic change and evolving social values. This study contributes to Chinese lexical semantics and offers practical implications for language teaching, intercultural communication, and discourse analysis by clarifying how aesthetic evaluation operates in contemporary Chinese usage.
Symbolic and Cognitive Interpretation of Flower Names
This article analyzes the symbolic and cognitive characteristics of flower names in contemporary Uzbek poetry based on the works of Uzbek poet Enakhon Siddiqova. The article examines flower names as poetic symbols, conceptual metaphors, and expressions of feminine poetic thinking in language. The aim is to identify the cognitive interpretation of spiritual experiences, social issues, women's destiny, and life philosophy through flower names in the poet's works.
Mechanisms for Increasing the Convenience of Service for Passengers and Economic Efficiency through Optimizing the Tariff Policy in Public Transport
Public transport is the most widely used type of transport by the population, which is considered the most widely used type of transport by the population due to its low cost, speed and convenient payment system, as well as reducing traffic congestion on the moving road.
The Culture of Just Relations in the Effectiveness of Social Services
This article explores the pivotal role of justice-oriented relational culture in enhancing the effectiveness of social services within contemporary societal frameworks. Emphasizing the interconnection between ethical principles, social responsibility, and institutional efficiency, the study analyzes how cultivating a culture of fairness, transparency, and mutual respect among social service providers and beneficiaries contributes to improved service delivery outcomes. Through a comprehensive review of theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence, the research underscores the necessity of embedding justice-driven values in social institutions to foster sustainable social development. The findings highlight that an equitable relational culture not only strengthens institutional credibility but also promotes social cohesion, trust, and citizen satisfaction. Furthermore, the article provides methodological insights for implementing justice-centered strategies within diverse social service contexts.
Land Fund and General Requirements for Land Use in the Republic of Uzbekistan: Theoretical and Practical Approaches
In this scientific article, the researcher examines how land use rights are being reshaped in the context of modern land reforms. The introduction of new forms of land ownership could not leave the relatively well-established institution of land use unchanged during the reform period.
Les relations entre les hommes et les femmes sont actuelles dès les temps les plus anciens de l'histoire de l'humanité. Quels changements ont-elles subi ces relations au XXIème siècle ? Certes, elles ont subi beaucoup de changements. Il y a cependant certaines sphères, dans lesquelles les relations hommes-femmes restent jusqu'à présent traditionnelles. Cela se manifestent, notamment dans les régions de l'Asie centrale, où vivent les ouzbeks.
Helping Young Learners Memorize Vocabulary Through The "Stepping Game"
This study looks at how the stepping game can help young learners remember English words. Learning vocabulary is very important for children, but they often forget new words when using normal teaching methods. The stepping game uses movement and fun to make learning easier and more interesting. The study was done with primary school children. In the game, learners stepped on word cards on the floor while listening to instructions, saying the words, or showing their meaning. The teacher watched the class and gave a vocabulary test before and after the game. The results show that the stepping game helped children remember words better and made them more interested in learning. They enjoyed the game and participated more in class. This study suggests that using games with movement is a good way to teach vocabulary to young learners.
The Poetics of Time and Memory in Shoyim Butayev’s Novels “Qo‘Rg‘Onlangan Oy” and “Shox”
This article analyzes the artistic interpretation of time and memory in Shoyim Butayev’s novels “Qo‘rg‘onlangan oy” and “Shox.” The study aims to reveal the function of memory as the main mechanism organizing the plot, the fragmented structure of artistic time, and the relationship between individual and collective memory. As a result of the analysis, it is substantiated that time in these novels is represented not as a chronological sequence, but as a psychological and philosophical category.
Improving Listening Skills When Listening to Sentences and Conversations
This article explores effective methods for developing listening and comprehension skills. It explains how to improve listening comprehension according to both the IELTS and CEFR frameworks. The article also highlights the importance of listening skills and emphasizes key aspects that learners should focus on during the listening process.
Shadowing- imitating native speech patterns
Cognitive and Linguoculturological Significance and Use of English and Latin Medical Terms in Medicine
This scientific article explores the cognitive and linguistic and cultural significance of the use of English and Latin medical terms in modern medicine. The influence of globalization on the spread of medical terminology is considered, as well as the specifics of the use of terms in various cultural contexts. The advantages and disadvantages of using English and Latin terms, as well as the trends of their use in modern medicine, are analyzed.
Improving Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) through Advanced Spectral Linear Algebra: A High-Dimensional Data Framework
Multivariate Analysis of Variance or MANOVA is a very powerful statistical technique for discriminating between several groups in multivariate data sets. With the level of complexity and dimension of newer high-dimensional data sets increasing, under the control of powerful computer technologies, newer spectral-type algebra methods are to be employed if the problem is experiencing exact analytical values with optimizing the efficiency of operation. This current research seeks to unveil a platform by combining MANOVA with higher spectral algebra, hence successful processing of multivariate data. The research problem stems from recognizing that the traditional MANOVA can be insufficient in searching for solutions to high-dimensional and complex data, and hence the necessity to search for more sophisticated methodologies in an attempt to advance analytical efficacy. This current study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the new model in multivariate analysis of data in comparison to the traditional approach. A combined methodology of MANOVA utilizing sophisticated methodology of spectral algebra was the main analytical tool. The main hypothesis supposes that the combination of MANOVA and spectral algebra increases analytical accuracy and efficiency over traditional methods. Early findings indicate that the new model is more efficient as well as accurate and therefore validates the use of MANOVA in the management of multivariate data sets as well as appropriateness in the inclusion of advanced spectral methods in contemporary data analysis of statistics.
The Artistic and Philosophical Foundations of the Fable Genre in the Age of Classicism: Order, Reason and Morality
This article examines the artistic and philosophical foundations of the fable genre in the age of Classicism, with particular emphasis on the principles of order, reason, and morality. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Classicism established a rational and normative aesthetic system grounded in the ideals of harmony, clarity, and discipline derived from antiquity and Enlightenment philosophy. Within this framework, the fable emerged as one of the most effective literary genres for moral instruction and philosophical reflection. Applying the IMRAD structure, the study analyzes how Classical aesthetics shaped the structure, imagery, and didactic function of the fable genre. The article demonstrates that the Classical fable functioned not merely as a literary form, but as a philosophical instrument aimed at rationalizing human behavior, promoting ethical norms, and reinforcing social order.
The Benefits of Reading Books and the Importance of Developing a Reading Habit
Ther`s so much benefits of reading book, for example it expands knowledge and vocublary, improves focus and concentration, also boosts analytical and critical thinking. From expanding our intellectual horizons and enriching our vocabulary, to sharpening our focus and critical thinking, books serve as invaluable tools for cognitive development. Furthermore, it acts as a silent mentor, subtly enhancing our writing skills, igniting our creativity, and inspiring continuous personal growth. And fundamentally, it provides unparalleled entertainment and a deep sense of pleasure. This article talks about Benefits of reading, why we should read it?.
Semantic Characteristics of Ergative Verbs and Their Realization in Literary Texts (Based on Selected Works by O. Henry)
Ergative verbs (also known as labile or ambitransitive verbs) in English allow the same noun phrase to function as the direct object in transitive constructions and as the subject in intransitive ones, typically conveying processes of change of state, position, or movement without explicitly mentioning an external agent in the intransitive form. This paper examines the semantic features of ergative verbs—emphasizing patient-focus, agent-defocusing, and causation—and analyzes their realization in selected short stories by O. Henry, including "The Gift of the Magi," "The Last Leaf," and "The Ransom of Red Chief." Through qualitative textual analysis, the study demonstrates how O. Henry employs ergative constructions to create narrative ambiguity, irony, and stylistic economy, enhancing thematic elements of fate, transformation, and human agency. The findings highlight the role of ergative verbs in literary discourse, contributing to stylistics and transitivity studies in English fiction.
Denotative and Connotative Meaning of Words in English: A Linguistic Perspective
This article explores the concepts of denotative and connotative meanings in the English language. Words carry not only their literal meaning but also additional emotional, cultural, and social associations. The article defines both types of meaning, explains their differences, and illustrates them with examples.
Semiotic and Pragmatic Features of Nationality in Mimemic Texts
This article analyzes the manifestation of nationality in mimetic texts, which are an important component of nonverbal communication, based on semiotic and pragmatic approaches. The national-cultural characteristics of the mimetic sign system, their communicative function, and the role of national mentality in the interpretation process are scientifically substantiated.
In this article, the issues of anthropocentric analysis of idioms are studied based on linguistic and cognitive approaches. The study analyzes the dependence of language on the human factor, that is, how the worldview, national thinking, cultural values, and psychological states of the people are reflected in idioms. Within the anthropocentric paradigm, idioms are considered as linguistic units inextricably linked with human experience, emotions, and social relations. The article highlights the semantic structure of idioms, their pragmatic functions in the speech process, and their communicative significance. The research results allow us to interpret idiomatic units as a product of human thought and demonstrate the relevance of the anthropocentric approach in modern linguistics.
Psychological-Pedagogical and Methodological Peculiarities of Organizing the Teaching Process Based on the "4K" Model
This article discusses the psychological, pedagogical, and methodological features of organizing the teaching process based on the "4k" model, the advantages of the learning process based on the "4k" model, and the positive aspects of its practical implementation. At the new stage of society's development, attention is focused on the characteristics of improving the teaching system in primary education based on advanced foreign experiences, which is an important task facing this level of education.
Copyright (c) 2025 American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
Enhancing IELTS Reading Performance through Strategic Instruction
This article examines the role of reading strategies as a key component in the development of students’ reading proficiency. Although reading comprehension strategies are widely recognized as essential for successful reading, many teachers do not possess a sufficiently strong methodological foundation for teaching them effectively. As a result, learners often struggle to apply appropriate strategies when working with complex academic texts, particularly in high-stakes examinations such as IELTS. To address this issue, the article emphasizes the importance of teacher preparation in developing, selecting, and systematically teaching effective reading comprehension strategies. It explores a range of practical techniques aimed at enhancing learners’ ability to understand, analyze, and interpret texts commonly encountered in IELTS reading tasks. By focusing on strategy-based instruction, this article seeks to support both teachers and learners in improving reading performance and overall outcomes in IELTS classes.
Reflective Practice in ELT Teacher Education: Preparing Teachers for Diverse Global Contexts
Reflective practice has become a widely endorsed approach in education and is now recognized as an essential element of professional development and performance evaluation. While the value of reflection is well documented, much of the existing research tends to emphasize its positive impact on student learning outcomes, often overlooking the significant benefits it offers to educators themselves. Reflection enables teachers to critically examine their instructional decisions, classroom interactions, and professional beliefs, thereby fostering continuous growth and improved pedagogical effectiveness. At the same time, the scholarly literature on reflective practice is characterized by inconsistent terminology and methodologically complex studies, which can make the concept difficult for practitioners to interpret and apply in everyday teaching contexts. This lack of conceptual clarity may discourage educators from engaging in reflective activities, despite their potential value. Consequently, there is a need for accessible and practical guidance that demystifies reflective practice and supports its integration into routine professional work. In response to this need, the present essay serves as an introductory guide for educators who are beginning to engage in reflective practice. It outlines the key benefits of reflection for teachers, including enhanced self-awareness, improved instructional decision-making, and increased professional confidence. In addition, the essay presents an overview of major classifications and modalities of reflection, such as reflection-in-action, reflection-on-action, and collaborative reflection. Finally, it addresses common challenges educators may encounter when adopting reflective practices, including time constraints, institutional expectations, and limited reflective skills, and offers insights into how these challenges may be mitigated. Through this discussion, the essay aims to encourage educators to view reflective practice not as an abstract theoretical concept, but as a practical and sustainable tool for professional learning and development.
Principles and Methods of Contrastive Phraseology
This article examines the current state and significance of contrastive phraseology in comparing genetically unrelated languages. It highlights the limited development of theoretical foundations in this field and emphasizes the importance of analyzing phraseological units through structural-semantic, typological, and cultural perspectives. The study reviews major scholarly contributions, outlines key methodological principles, and stresses the need for pedagogical and lexicographic resources—particularly for Uzbek-speaking learners. The article concludes that deeper comparative-typological research is essential for understanding interlingual phraseological correspondences and improving translation and teaching practices.
Perceived Influence of Guidance and Counselling on Sexual Health Awareness Among Students in Rivers State University
This research examined the perceived influence of guidance and counselling on sexual health awareness among students in Rivers State University. The study was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses. A descriptive survey design was adopted. The population comprised male and female students of Rivers State University, with a sample size of approximately 1,200 students selected through stratified random sampling based on a 30% sampling rate. Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire titled "Perceived Influence of Guidance and Counselling on Sexual Health Awareness (PIGC-SHA)." The reliability of the instrument was confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha, yielding coefficients between 0.82 and 0.89, indicating good internal consistency. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the research questions, while independent samples t-tests tested the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that guidance and counselling significantly enhanced students' awareness of sexual health, promoting safer sexual behaviors and informed decision-making. However, gaps such as limited accessibility to counselling services and occasional stigma were identified. The study recommended expanding guidance and counselling programs, increasing awareness campaigns, and improving accessibility to sexual health resources on campus. In conclusion, guidance and counselling played a critical role in improving sexual health awareness among students in Rivers State University.
The Conflict Between Good and Evil in the Harry Potter Series
Introduction: The Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling presents a complex and compelling portrayal of the eternal conflict between good and evil. Aim: This article aims to analyze how the opposition of good and evil is represented through characters, symbolism, and moral choices. Methods: The research applies descriptive, comparative, and interpretative literary analysis methods. Results: The analysis demonstrates that moral choice, rather than birth or magical ability, defines goodness and evilness in the series. Conclusion: Rowling emphasizes that ethical values such as love, loyalty, and responsibility serve as the strongest forces against darkness. The Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling presents a complex and compelling portrayal of the eternal conflict between good and evil. This article examines how the author employs characters, symbolism, moral choices, and the magical world to represent the constant struggle between these opposing forces. Particular attention is given to major characters such as Harry Potter, Lord Voldemort, Albus Dumbledore, and Severus Snape, whose actions and decisions shape the moral framework of the narrative. The study concludes that Rowling emphasizes a key ethical message: good and evil are defined not by birth, blood, or talent, but by individual choices.
Creative Approaches to Developing Logical Thinking in Senior School Students in Mother Tongue Lessons
This article analyzes the development of logical thinking skills of senior school students in mother tongue lessons from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The study examines the pedagogical essence of the concept of logical thinking, its significance in personal development, and effective teaching methods applied in mother tongue education. In addition, the role of problem-based learning, analytical questioning, text-based activities, and interactive methods in fostering students’ independent and critical thinking is substantiated. The findings of the research contribute to increasing the effectiveness of developing logical thinking skills in mother tongue lessons.
Formation of Self-Management Skills in Pupils During the Learning Process
This article reveals the theoretical foundations and practical approaches to developing self-regulation skills in students during the educational process. It also analyzes effective methods for fostering qualities such as independent thinking, responsibility, self-control, and goal-oriented activity in the course of learning. The article highlights key factors in forming self-regulation abilities in learners based on modern pedagogical technologies, a learner-centered approach, and reflection methods.
Ideas on Designing Educational Content in an Informational Environment
this article reveals the ways, methods of organizing primary education in the context of informatization of education and the principles of designing a modern lesson in primary education. Their relationship and method of implementation are determined, the importance of the concept of the theory of educational activity in the design of a modern lesson in elementary education is based. Following these principles, the relevance of the design of a modern lesson in primary education and the requirements for it are listed.