American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769) is an open-access and double-blind peer-reviewed international journal that aims to publish original research articles, case studies, and review papers. Journal is an interdisciplinary forum for researchers that address the intersection of education and STEM learning technologies. It aims to provide implications and scopes to develop and enhance STEM education as well as the uses of technology in education at all levels across the globe. It focuses to deliver perspectives at all levels, from the micro-level of explicit educational methods and tools to be used in the learning management system, educational institutional management method, development, and implementation, curriculum & content development, graduate employability, and quality education, to the macro-level of national policies and implementations; from primary education levels to adults in both territory and vocational education levels in schools, institutions and higher institutions to online, offline and lifelong learning.
Meaning and Function of Sanskrit Prepositions (Upasargas): Classical Debates and Unpublished Textual Evidence
This study examines the semantic status of Sanskrit prepositions (upasargas) and particles (nipātas), focusing on early grammatical and philosophical debates. Beginning with Yāska’s Nirukta, it analyzes the opposing views of Śākaṭāyana, who regarded prepositions as meaning-less modifiers of nouns and verbs, and Gārgya, who asserted their independent semantic value. The paper traces subsequent developments in grammatical, exegetical, and philosophical traditions, including Pāṇini, Patañjali, and later treatises, as well as manuscript sources on upasarga meanings. It highlights how differing theories of meaning shaped Sanskrit linguistic analysis.
Copyright (c) 2025 American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
The Ethics of Digital Self: Consequences of Online Morality in The Nether
This research discovers the ethical dimensions of the digital self and the results regarding online morality through the medium of Jennifer Harley’s dystopian play called the Nether (2013). As one of the digital innovations continuously dissipates the known boundaries between virtuality and reality, the idea of a self that continues to exist both offline and online causes pressing philosophical and moral queries. Technologies. Addressing through present day scholarship in relation to digital ethics, this study contests that virtual roles, which seems to be detached from the physical reality can change moral thinking, accountability and identity in the practical world. The research positions the Nether within the arguments on digital and morality to highlight how the drama shows issues of justice, responsibility and desire are immersed in the virtual domains. Applying interdisciplinary method, the study combines ethical theory and literary analysis to show that the digital self cannot be separated from the consequences of its actions as there are serious legal and psychological implications with regards to online behaviours. Consequently, this study asserts that Haley’s play an essential role in the perception of the ethics of the digital time and offers a useful insight into how societies can regulate and control morality in the digital period.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
Methodological Approaches to Studying Gender Aspects of Speech Activities in Virtual Environments
This article analyzes one of the current topical issues of today: methodological approaches to studying gender aspects of speech behavior. Also, the following approaches are considered: Interdisciplinary approach, quantitative methods, qualitative methods, experimental methods, ethical aspects of research. This helps to determine how different conditions affect the communication style of men and women.
Parental Involvement and Reading Readiness of Kindergarten Learners: Teachers’ Perspectives
This research evaluated on the significant relationship between parental involvement and reading readiness of kindergarten learners at Lahug Elementary School located in Cebu City Division for School Year 2025-2026. A descriptive-correlational research design was used to examined if the degree of parent involvement in supporting early literacy instruction correlated to the learning readiness of learners. Twelve Kindergarten teachers assessed the reading readiness levels of 120 randomly selected Kindergarten pupils. This study utilized from a standardized, expert-validated survey which used a fifteen-item Likert scale to measure reading readiness and parental involvement. The data were analyzed applying frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient methodology. Findings indicated the level of parental involvement was very high with respect to home and literacy strategies including supporting reading tasks, reading materials, and communicating with the teacher on a regular basis, while identified levels of involvement in literacy community and school-based activities were lower. Reading readiness levels were also very high; foundational skills such as letter-sound identification and print awareness were strong, but performance on the higher-level phonological skills such as blending and segmenting levels indicated advanced reading readiness attitudes. Statistical analysis revealed a strong, positive, significant relationship between parental involvement and kindergarten's reading readiness. The study concludes that parental involvement is essential in developing children's reading preparedness, and it makes recommendations to strengthen home-school collaboration, to provide parent literacy training, and to offer targeted interventions developing advanced phonological awareness skills.
The Main Linguistic Features of Terms “Concept” And “Notion” In Cognitive Linguistics
This article examines the linguistic and cognitive features of the terms concept and notion in the field of cognitive linguistics. Although these terms can be frequently utilized interchangeably, cognitive-linguistics theory treats them regarding them as distinct cognitive and mental units with various and different functions in terms of meaning construction. The study aims to define and clarify their theoretical status by analyzing their structural, semantic and cognitive features with their circumstances.
Navoiyning Irfoniy Qarashlari: Yetti Vodiy Va Hikoyatlar Uygʻunligi
Mazkur maqolada Alisher Navoiyning "Lison ut-tayr" dostonidagi yetti vodiy tavsifi va ularning asar qurilishidagi oʻrni tasavvufiy konsepsiyalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, vodiylarning tasavvufiy suluk bosqichlari sifatidagi ahamiyati hamda hikoyatlar oʻrtasidagi bogʻliqlik ochib beriladi. Maqolada Asma'iy va oshiq, koʻrlar va fil, shatranj hikoyati, Mansur Halloj kabi hikoyatlar tahlili orqali muallifning komil inson haqidagi qarashlari yoritib beriladi.
Phonics and the Acquisition of Literacy Skills among Preschoolers in Early Childhood Education Centres in Rivers East Senatorial District
This study examines phonics and the literacy skills acquisition of preschoolers in early childhood education centres in Rivers East Senatorial Districts of Rivers State. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of phonics on the acquisition of literacy skills among preschoolers in early childhood education centres in Rivers East Senatorial District of Rivers State. The study adopted the pre-test and post-test control group quasi-experimental research. Two objectives and two hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study was 2,399 preschoolers. 66 preschoolers constituted the sample size for the study. The instrument for data collection was the research designed Preschoolers literacy skill acquisition Observation Checklist which was validated. The data generated from the study was analyzed using analysis of co- variance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 significant levels. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between the Synthetic Phonics instructional strategies and Conventional Method on the literacy skills development of preschoolers in public early childhood centers in Rivers East Senatorial District of Rivers State. The study recommended among others that caregivers in the Early Childhood Centers should be encourage in the use of synthetic phonics instructional strategy by providing enabling environment for them.
Developing Economic Knowledge in Technology Lessons in Grade 8
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of forming economic knowledge, skills, and competencies among 8th-grade students in technology lessons. The role of technology education in economic upbringing is analyzed, and methods for developing thrift, entrepreneurship, and labor productivity through practical activities are described. The possibilities of integrating economic knowledge based on modern pedagogical technologies are also highlighted.
Authentic Materials in English Listening Comprehension: Benefits, Challenges, And Strategic Classroom Implementation
The growing emphasis on communicative competence in English language teaching has led to increased interest in the use of authentic materials, particularly for developing listening comprehension. Authentic listening materials expose learners to real-world language use, including natural speech patterns, pragmatic features, and cultural context. Despite their pedagogical value, such materials also present challenges related to linguistic complexity, cognitive overload, cultural unfamiliarity, and instructional adaptation. This article examines the benefits and challenges of using authentic listening materials in English language classrooms and proposes strategic approaches for their effective implementation. Drawing on recent research and contemporary pedagogical perspectives, the study argues that with systematic scaffolding and thoughtful material selection, authentic listening materials can significantly enhance learners’ listening proficiency, motivation, and communicative readiness.
The Use of Digital Technologies in Modern Language Teaching Methods
The article studies how digital technologies have been incorporated into modern language teaching methods to evaluate their effect on teaching and learning results. The research shows that when digital technologies are used according to proper teaching methods they help students become more engaged and experience real language learning and participate in personalized learning while developing their ability to learn independently.
Motivational Typology in Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) has undergone significant development since its early formulation, leading to more refined accounts of how and why metaphors emerge in human cognition. One of the most influential advances is the introduction of motivational typology, which explains the cognitive and experiential grounding of metaphorical mappings. This article examines motivational typology within conceptual metaphor theory, focusing on empirically grounded distinctions such as correlation-based and resemblance-based motivation, as well as later extensions incorporating cultural, pragmatic, and discourse-based factors. Drawing on the works of Joseph Grady, Zoltán Kövecses, Raymond Gibbs, Gerard Steen, and N. D. Arutyunova, the study analyzes how different motivational mechanisms contribute to metaphor formation and why these mechanisms complicate attempts at systematization. The article argues that metaphorical concepts cannot be classified solely by structural or semantic criteria, as their motivation reflects dynamic interactions between embodied experience, cognition, culture, and discourse.
Linguistic Features of Labor-Related Idioms
This article defines key linguistic and cultural features of English phraseological units connected with labor and professional activity. Using a semantic and stylistic approach, it classifies work-related idioms according to dominant metaphorical source domains as physical effort, tools/mechanics, movement/career, time/energy, considers idioms originating from occupations and instruments, and describes structural properties such as fixedness and limited variability. The analysis shows that labor idioms encode social evaluations of diligence, efficiency, responsibility, and career progress, which is important for language learning and intercultural communication.
Effective Charge Influence on Form Factors Calculations of Some Sn Isotopes
The longitudinal form factors of 102,104,106Sn nuclei were calculated for two cases: with and without the core polarization effects. In this study, different values of effective charge were used to calculate the longitudinal form factors. e_p=1.5e,e_n=0.88e,e_p=0.98e,e_n=0.88e ,e_p=0.5e ,e_n=0.4e and e_p=0.35e ,e_n=0.35e and are plotted using black, blue, red and green curves, respectively, in all figures. The form factors of isotopes were also studied within shell model, using 100Sn as the inert core, and the others particles distributed on (1H9/2, 2F7/2, 2F5/2, 3P3/2, 3P1/2, and 1I13/2), which constitute the model space. The calculations in this study are based on a harmonic oscillator potential with a constant magnitude parameter (b) using the first-order correction of the Cohen-Korath (CK) perturbation and interaction theory. The inclusion of core polarization effect enhances the diffraction pattern of longitudinal form factors and it has the similar behavior for all different values of effective charge.
This article analyzes the role of fiction in reflecting social life, its impact on the development of society, social consciousness and cultural processes. The principles of the writer's re-creation of the reality of life through artistic interpretation, the system of images, conflict, plot and sociality based on artistic details are interpreted. Also, the traditions of portraying social life in Eastern and Western literature are covered in a comparative approach.
The article explores the concept of students’ love and motivation for learning the English language, highlighting its significance in the development of communicative competence, cognitive abilities, and cultural awareness. English, as a global language, serves not only as a medium of international communication but also as a tool for academic achievement, personal growth, and future professional success. Understanding the factors that influence students’ positive attitudes toward English is therefore essential for designing effective teaching strategies and fostering lifelong learning habits. This study examines both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors that contribute to students’ engagement and enthusiasm for English. Intrinsic factors include personal interest, curiosity about foreign cultures, and the desire for self-improvement, while extrinsic factors involve academic requirements, parental encouragement, and exposure to English-language media. The research emphasizes that a genuine love for the language enhances students’ active participation in classroom activities, facilitates vocabulary acquisition, improves pronunciation and grammatical accuracy, and promotes effective communication skills. Furthermore, students with a positive attitude toward English are more likely to seek opportunities for independent practice, such as reading books, watching films, or interacting with native speakers, which strengthens their overall linguistic competence. The article also investigates the role of teachers in nurturing students’ love for English. Teacher attitudes, instructional methods, and classroom environment significantly affect students’ motivation. Approaches that incorporate interactive teaching, gamification, communicative tasks, and culturally relevant content have been found to stimulate interest and encourage consistent engagement. Moreover, fostering a supportive and enjoyable learning environment helps reduce language anxiety, builds confidence, and strengthens students’ sense of achievement, which further reinforces their positive attitude toward English. Cultivating students’ love for the English language is a multifaceted process that combines motivational psychology, pedagogical strategies, and cultural exposure. Encouraging genuine interest in English not only improves academic outcomes but also equips students with the skills and confidence necessary for effective participation in global communication. This research contributes to the understanding of motivational dynamics in language learning and provides practical recommendations for educators seeking to enhance students’ enthusiasm, engagement, and long-term commitment to learning English.
Особенности Перевода Грамматико-Семантических Конструкций Условности И Намерения На Материале Корейского И Русского Языков
в статье рассматриваются особенности перевода грамматико-семантических конструкций условности и намерения на материале корейского и русского языков. Анализ направлен на выявление структурно-семантических различий и сходств в способах выражения условных и интенциональных значений в сопоставляемых языках. Особое внимание уделяется корейским грамматическим показателям условности и намерения и их функциональным соответствиям в русском языке, а также трудностям, возникающим при переводе данных конструкций. В работе показано, что расхождения в грамматической организации и семантической интерпретации данных значений обусловливают необходимость трансформационных приемов перевода. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в практике перевода, а также в преподавании корейского языка как иностранного.
Individual Author Style in Formation Artistic Image of Tools Role
This in the article artistic image individual author of the tools style in formation place and importance literary criticism theoretical and comparative approaches based on analysis In the study metaphor, epithet, simile, symbol, irony similar figurative of tools author worldview, aesthetics views and artistic his/her thinking in expression functional opportunities will be illuminated. Artistic texts analysis based on figurative tools the author's individual creative style determinant main poetic from mechanisms one that scientific in terms of is based on. Research results artistic image tools through author of style aesthetic, semantic and pragmatic aspects formation shows. Article stylistics, literature theory and comparative literary studies in the fields scientific research for theoretical-methodological importance has.
The Legal-Rational Legitimacy of Internal Affairs Bodies in Ensuring Information Security: A Socio-Philosophical Analysis
This article analyzes the activities of internal affairs bodies in ensuring information security from the perspective of social philosophy. The study, based on M. Weber's theory of legal-rational legitimacy, reveals the powers of internal affairs bodies in the information space, their legality and social validity. At a time when the role of state institutions in ensuring security is increasing in the context of the information society, the issue of the institutional status of internal affairs bodies and their legitimate functioning through legal mechanisms is becoming relevant.
The Scottish Literary Space Within British Culture: Urban Imagery, Language, And the Construction of National Aesthetic Identity
This article explores the development of modern Scottish literature within the British cultural space, focusing on the concept of sense of place as a key aesthetic and ideological category. Drawing on postcolonial and cultural-literary theory, the study examines how Scottish writers employ urban space, language variation, and historical memory to articulate national identity under conditions of cultural dominance. Particular attention is paid to the literary representation of Glasgow and Edinburgh in the works of Alasdair Gray and Ian Rankin, where the city functions not merely as a setting but as a symbolic and semantic construct. The article argues that modern Scottish prose constructs an alternative aesthetic system through the re-semanticization of local space and language, forming a hybrid cultural model characteristic of postcolonial literature.
Translation Strategies for Rendering National Ritual Realias from Uzbek into English
National ritual realias represent culturally specific linguistic units that reflect the traditions, customs, and worldview of a particular community. Their translation poses significant challenges due to the absence of direct equivalents in the target language and culture. This article examines translation strategies used in rendering Uzbek national ritual realias into English. The study aims to identify the most effective methods for preserving cultural meaning while ensuring communicative adequacy for the target audience. The research is based on examples taken from literary texts and ethnographic descriptions translated from Uzbek into English. The findings demonstrate that strategies such as transliteration, explication, descriptive translation, and cultural substitution are commonly employed, often in combination. The article concludes that a flexible, context-dependent approach is essential for achieving a balance between cultural preservation and reader comprehension.
MORPHOLOGICAL PECULARITIES OF WORD ACQUISITION IN UZBEK LANGUAGE
The article analyzes word acquisition as a complex process. In the process of analysis, it was found that although borrowed words appear as a pattern and are the object of research of the lexicology department, the spiritual and content filling of this pattern is associated with various social, political, and cultural factors. In fact, language is a social phenomenon, and no change in it occurs without the participation of society, we have distinguished the attempts of the state and society to make drastic changes to the language as a non-linguistic factor, and the gradual adaptation of phonetic, lexical, and grammatical adaptation of the word acquisitions to their own language pattern over time as a linguistic phenomenon.
The Peri as One of the Dominant Images in World Mythology
In the mythologies of many peoples of the world, the image of a supernatural female being—commonly known as the peri or its variants—occupies an important place. In European, including English, literary traditions, this figure is referred to as the fairy. The phonetic similarity between the words peri and fairy suggests the existence of ancient cultural contacts between the peoples of the East and the West, which may have influenced both the naming and the characteristics of this mythological image. This article examines the artistic interpretations and distinctive features of the peri as one of the dominant images in world mythology.
The Relationship Between Language and Consciousness in Wilhelm Von Humboldt’s Linguistic Philosophy
Wilhelm von Humboldt's linguistic philosophy posits a profound interconnection between language and human consciousness, viewing language not merely as a communicative tool but as an active force (energeia) that shapes thought and worldview. This article explores this relationship through an analysis of Humboldt's key works, particularly On the Diversity of Human Language Construction and Its Influence on the Mental Development of the Human Species. Drawing on historical and philosophical contexts, it examines how language structures consciousness, influences cultural diversity, and serves as the medium for conceptual formation. The discussion highlights Humboldt's departure from semiotic traditions and his emphasis on linguistic relativity, with implications for modern linguistics and cognitive science. Findings underscore language's role in human mental development, bridging individual cognition and collective cultural experience.
Semantics and Translation Challenges of State-Indicating Words in Uzbek and English
State-indicating words, encompassing stative verbs, adjectives, copular constructions, and nominal predicates, express static situations, properties, or states rather than dynamic actions. This article explores the semantic and structural differences in expressing states between Uzbek (a Turkic, agglutinative language) and English (an Indo-European, analytic language), with a focus on translation challenges. In English, states are primarily conveyed through stative verbs (e.g., know, be, have) and linking verbs with adjectives, while Uzbek often employs zero copula in the present tense, particle or verbal copulas depending on tense/aspect, and postpositional constructions. Key challenges include aspectual mismatches, copula omission/insertion, lexical gaps (lacunae), and degrees of stativity. Drawing on contrastive linguistics and examples from literary translations, the study highlights system asymmetries that lead to non-equivalence in translation. Recommendations for translators emphasize contextual adaptation and functional equivalence to preserve semantic nuance.
The Triz-Imen Method in the Intellectual Development of Children
This article examines the theoretical foundations and practical significance of the TRIZ-IMEN method as an effective pedagogical technology in the intellectual and creative development of children. The possibilities of applying this method in the preschool education process are analyzed, and its impact on children’s speech development, thinking skills, and intellectual potential is highlighted. In addition, the article reveals how the use of the TRIZ-IMEN method enables the organization of the educational process in an engaging, effective, and innovative manner.
Fundamentals of the Lexicographic Representation of Colloquial Units in the English Language
The article explores the fundamental principles of lexicographic representation of colloquial units in modern English. Special attention is paid to the theoretical challenges associated with defining colloquialism as a lexicographic object, as well as to methodological approaches used in contemporary English dictionaries. The study aims to identify key criteria for the selection, description, and classification of colloquial lexical units, taking into account their stylistic, pragmatic, and sociolinguistic characteristics. The findings contribute to the development of a more consistent framework for the lexicographic treatment of colloquial language.
Advantages and Limitations of Online Dictionaries
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and limitations of online dictionaries of the English language as a distinct type of digital lexicographic resource. The study is conducted within the framework of functional, cognitive, and digital lexicography and is grounded in contemporary approaches to linguistic variation and the discourse-conditioned nature of meaning. The empirical basis of the research consists of data drawn from leading English-language online dictionaries, including Oxford English Dictionary Online, Merriam-Webster Online, and Cambridge Dictionary. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of the lexicon, multimodality of data representation, corpus-based verification, as well as issues of normativity, methodological heterogeneity, and cognitive reduction in lexicographic description.
Ielts Listening: Teaching Listening Skills in the Classroom
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Metaphorical Expressions in the Uzbek Language and Their Communicative Functions
This study investigates metaphorical expressions in the Uzbek language and explores their communicative functions in everyday speech, literature, and media. Metaphors serve not only as stylistic devices but also as cognitive and cultural tools, enabling speakers to convey abstract ideas, emotions, and social values effectively. The research provides a theoretical framework for understanding metaphors, classifies their types, and analyzes their role in facilitating communication, enriching stylistic expression, and reflecting cultural identity. Examples from contemporary Uzbek language and literature illustrate the multifunctional nature of metaphors. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating metaphor analysis into language education, translation practices, and intercultural communication to enhance comprehension and preserve linguistic richness.
Contributions of Human Values in the Society Development
This study makes an effort to delve into the significance of human values in today's interconnected world. Without human values, human civilization may not be able to maintain itself. Consequently, we must have this conversation in order to raise contemporary society's consciousness of human values. Everybody can see that modern civilization is in the midst of a lot of problems. The contemporary world is well-known to be experiencing a human value crisis. It is thought that by putting human values into practice in every culture, a number of national and international issues might be resolved. In order to achieve this, human dignity must be held in the greatest esteem by all members of human society. When it comes to society, human values are paramount. Priority is given to human ideals rather than societal values. A person's view of humanity as a whole is what gives them worth. While it's true that people are society's primary focus, it's also true that contemporary society can never really disappear so long as people are a part of it. Because of how much better communication is now because to technology, our words, deeds, and thoughts directly impact a wider audience than in the past. By writing this piece, the author hopes to get a better grasp of human values' societal relevance and the role they've played in shaping modern civilization.