American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769) is an open-access and double-blind peer-reviewed international journal that aims to publish original research articles, case studies, and review papers. Journal is an interdisciplinary forum for researchers that address the intersection of education and STEM learning technologies. It aims to provide implications and scopes to develop and enhance STEM education as well as the uses of technology in education at all levels across the globe. It focuses to deliver perspectives at all levels, from the micro-level of explicit educational methods and tools to be used in the learning management system, educational institutional management method, development, and implementation, curriculum & content development, graduate employability, and quality education, to the macro-level of national policies and implementations; from primary education levels to adults in both territory and vocational education levels in schools, institutions and higher institutions to online, offline and lifelong learning.
A Comprehensive Pragma-Linguistic Analysis of ‘Imminent Harm’ in Social Media Discourse: Speech Act Theory, Pragmatic Inference, and the Limits of Free Speech in Online Contexts
This research explores the way in which social media narratives construct "imminent harm" through a pragma-linguistic lens. It argues that harmful meanings are rarely directly articulated and can often only be interpreted through indirect means (i.e., via context-sensitive means). The researcher will utilize Austin and Searle's Speech Act Theory and Grice's Pragmatic Implicature Theory to develop a comprehensive analytic framework for analyzing how illocutionary intent is encoded and understood within online contexts, integrating elements of Speech Act Analysis with Pragmatics and Selected Aspects of Critical Discourse Analysis. A corpus of 120 social media posts sampled from 3 different platforms (Twitter (X), Facebook, and Reddit) were analysed using a mixed-methods research design to determine what types of speech acts are represented, what pragmatic strategies are used to convey implicit meanings in the speech acts and how discourse-level features can be used to classify an individual speech act as being harmful. Indirect speech acts (i.e., implicit threats/directives) were found to be more harmful than, for example, direct speech acts due to their use of: implication (implicature), ambiguous interpretations and collective framing; as these factors often generated an excessive level of emotional intensity across a large number of people who perceived such speech acts as imminent. The findings illustrate that the distinction between an individual’s right to free speech and the individual’s right to not be harmed are not always clear-cut, but rather are formed at the intersection of language form, pragmatic inference and social context. Contributions from these findings are made to linguistic theory by establishing the complex nature of harmful discourse detection and regulation, which outlays the need for approaches to be pragmatically informed and context sensitive to capture the implicit meaning of deemed harmful speech and the scope of complexity associated with the very structure of digital communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
Development of Algorithms and Software for Syntactic Analysis of Uzbek Language Texts, and Creation of A Dependency Parser Model for Uzbek Language
This paper addresses the development of algorithms and software for syntactic analysis of Uzbek language texts and the construction of a dependency parser model tailored to the linguistic characteristics of Uzbek. Given the agglutinative nature and relatively free word order of the Uzbek language, traditional rule-based approaches are insufficient for achieving high parsing accuracy. Therefore, this study integrates probabilistic models, graph-based parsing techniques, and neural network architectures to enhance syntactic parsing performance. The proposed model leverages morphological features and contextual embeddings to capture syntactic dependencies effectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed system achieves competitive accuracy and robustness, making it suitable for real-world applications such as machine translation, information retrieval, and intelligent dialogue systems.
This article examines the complex grammatical challenges encountered in the process of translation across different language systems. It explores how structural disparities in word order, tense systems, and grammatical categories such as gender, number, and case impact the accuracy and naturalness of the target text. The study specifically analyzes the translation of English infinitives into Russian, the diversity of grammatical categories in American Indian and European languages, and the morphological correspondences between English, Russian, and Uzbek. By evaluating phraseological units and sentence sequencing, the article emphasizes that successful translation requires a shift from word-for-word substitution to structural adaptation. The findings suggest that a deep understanding of both source and target grammar is essential to maintain the original message's conceptual integrity while ensuring linguistic fluency.
The Conceptualization of Love Through Metaphors in English and Uzbek Languages: A Cognitive Linguistic Perspective
This study investigates the metaphorical representation of the concept of love in English and Uzbek languages from a cognitive linguistic perspective. Love, as an abstract and complex emotional experience, is often expressed through metaphorical models that reflect human cognition and cultural perception. The research aims to identify key metaphorical patterns, analyze their cognitive basis, and compare their usage across the two languages. The study adopts a qualitative approach, drawing on examples from literary texts and everyday expressions. The findings reveal that while many metaphorical models of love are universal, their linguistic realization is influenced by cultural and cognitive factors. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between language, thought, and culture.
A Digital Pedagogical Model for Developing Metacognitive Skills Based on International Assessment Programs in Primary Education
This study investigates the facilitation of metacognition in terms of structured digital learning environments that are designed to address international assessment purposes in primary school students. With regard to contemporary education, researchers are focusing extensively on students' self-regulation in learning tasks such as reading comprehension and problem solving which make up the major components of large-scale assessments like Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS). Design: A quasi-experimental research with primary school students from 9–10 years old (n=110). The participants were placed into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed digitally supported pedagogic activities promoting reflection, self-questioning and learning progress monitoring over a 10-week period while the control group were taught using conventional teaching methods. In this domain, the digital environment offered an adaptive sequence of tasks and feedback on student performance, giving learners control over strategy adjustments during learning. Methods Data were gathered using pre- and post-measures of metacognitive awareness, reading literacy tasks, system-generated learning analytics, and qualitative classroom observations. The results of statistical analysis indicated that the experimental group was more successful than control group in each of the metacognitive regulation and academic performance (p < 0.05). We found, for example, that students showed improvements in planning for how they would approach learning, identifying comprehension challenges and assessing their performance on tasks. This study indicates that digitally scaffolded learning environments, when designed according to cognitive demands of international assessments, can make a significant contribution to developing metacognitive competencies at the primary level. This research underscores the need for reflective practices in digital classrooms to provide more opportunities for the students to be independent and also improve their cognitive flexibility.
The Use of Pronouns for Lexical Reduction
The article explores the role of pronouns in achieving lexical reduction in English. Lexical reduction refers to strategies that allow speakers and writers to reduce redundancy and maintain coherence in communication. Pronouns play a crucial role in this process by replacing nouns or noun phrases, which simplifies discourse without loss of meaning. The study examines different types of pronouns, their frequency in written and spoken discourse, and their impact on text economy. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of selected corpora demonstrates how pronouns contribute to linguistic efficiency. The findings highlight the significance of pronouns in both formal and informal registers and suggest that effective use of pronouns enhances readability and comprehension.
Language, Power, and Resistance in Postcolonial English Literature
The study analyzes language as a weapon of power/resistance in postcolonial English literature within the framework of Foucault/Said/Bhabha, and a hybrid approach (Python-NLTK, NVivo, ANOVA, t-test) on 6 major novels (Things Fall Apart, Midnight's Children); results: 45% reduction in colonial symbols in contexts of resistance, strong correlation (r=0.78, p<0.01) between linguistic hybridization and deconstruction of power, with an innovative statistical model.
Pedagogical Conditions for The Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies in Primary School Education
This article explores the pedagogical conditions necessary for the effective integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in primary school education. It analyzes how AI tools can enhance teaching and learning processes, support individualized learning, and improve student engagement in early education settings. The study highlights key factors such as teacher readiness, digital literacy, infrastructure availability, curriculum adaptation, and ethical considerations. The findings emphasize that successful implementation of AI in primary education requires a balanced combination of technological, methodological, and organizational conditions. The article also discusses potential challenges and proposes recommendations for improving the pedagogical environment for AI-based learning.
Psychological Representation of Love and Identity in Shakespeare’s Sonnets
William Shakespeare’s sonnets are still widely discussed because they explore emotions and relationships in a way that feels surprisingly modern. The sonnet sequence focuses on themes such as love, beauty, jealousy, betrayal, time, and personal identity. This article studies how Shakespeare represents the psychology of love and identity through the figures of the Speaker, the Fair Youth, the Dark Lady, and the Rival Poet. Particular attention is given to the emotional instability of the characters, their inner conflicts, and the connection between love and self perception. Unlike many earlier Renaissance poets who idealized love, Shakespeare presents it as emotionally complicated and sometimes destructive. The article argues that the psychological realism of the sonnets is one of the main reasons they continue to attract modern readers.
The Use And Pragmatic Functions Of Discourse Markers In Political Speech
This study explores the use and pragmatic functions of discourse markers in political speech. Discourse markers such as well, you know, I mean, so, and however play a crucial role in structuring political discourse, guiding audience interpretation, and enhancing communicative effectiveness. The research analyzes selected political speeches to identify the frequency, distribution, and functions of discourse markers within different communicative contexts. The findings show that discourse markers serve multiple pragmatic purposes, including organizing ideas, expressing speaker attitudes, managing turn-taking, emphasizing key points, and establishing rapport with the audience. In political discourse, they are also strategically employed to persuade listeners, mitigate face-threatening acts, and create a sense of solidarity. The study highlights that the effective use of discourse markers contributes significantly to clarity, coherence, and persuasive power in political communication.
Linguo-Cultural Representation of English and Uzbek Proverbs: A Comparative Analysis
Proverbs constitute one of the most culturally embedded units of language, encapsulating the accumulated wisdom, values, and worldview of a speech community. This article examines the linguo-cultural features of English and Uzbek proverbs through a comparative lens, focusing on how language and culture intersect in proverbial expression. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of linguoculturology and cognitive linguistics, the study analyzes thematic domains, conceptual metaphors, and culturally specific imagery in both proverbial traditions. The findings reveal both universal human concerns—such as labor, family, wisdom, and morality—and culture-specific values rooted in Islamic heritage, nomadic history, and agrarian life in Uzbek proverbs, contrasted with themes of individualism, pragmatism, and maritime experience prominent in English proverbs. The article contributes to cross-cultural communication studies and highlights implications for language teaching and translation.
Economic Terminology in The Martian Chronicles: A Morphological and Syntactic Analysis of Term Formation
This article explores the formation of economic terminology in Ray Bradbury’s The Martian Chronicles from both morphological and syntactic perspectives. While the novel is primarily a work of science fiction, it presents implicit economic concepts related to colonization, trade, and resource use. The study aims to analyze how such concepts are expressed through language and how new or context-specific terms are constructed within the narrative. The research is based on qualitative textual analysis of selected examples. Morphological processes such as compounding, affixation, and nominalization are examined alongside syntactic structures, including complex noun phrases and attributive constructions. The findings show that Bradbury often combines morphological creativity with flexible syntactic patterns to produce expressive and context-dependent economic terms. Overall, the study demonstrates that literary texts can contribute to the development of specialized vocabulary. It also highlights how the interaction between morphology and syntax plays a key role in shaping economic meaning in fictional discourse.
Revolutionary Vision and Human Fragility in Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Sonnets
Percy Bysshe Shelley is remembered as one of the major poets of the Romantic period. Although he wrote fewer sonnets than some of his contemporaries, his sonnets remain important because they combine political criticism, philosophical reflection, emotional intensity, and artistic experimentation. This article examines several of Shelley’s best-known sonnets, especially Ozymandias and England in 1819, in order to explore how Shelley represented power, political corruption, mortality, and social injustice. The article also discusses the connection between Shelley’s personal beliefs and his poetic style. Unlike many traditional sonnet writers, Shelley used the sonnet form not only for love poetry but also for revolutionary and intellectual ideas. His poems often feel emotional, restless, and deeply personal. That quality continues to attract readers today.
The Role of Body Language in Public Speaking in English
This study explores the role of body language in enhancing the effectiveness of public speaking in English. In modern communication, verbal skills alone are insufficient for successful interaction, as nonverbal elements such as gestures, facial expressions, posture, and eye contact significantly influence audience perception. The research aims to analyze the theoretical foundations of body language, examine its communicative functions in public speaking, and evaluate its impact on students’ speaking performance. A mixed-method approach, including observation and experimental analysis, was applied to assess how students use body language during presentations. The findings reveal that effective use of nonverbal communication increases speaker confidence, audience engagement, and message clarity. The study also provides practical recommendations for developing body language skills in English language learners. Overall, the research highlights that body language is an essential component of communicative competence and should be systematically integrated into language teaching practices.
The Role of The Focus–Defocus Model in Developing Integrated Language Skills in EFL Classrooms
The growing demand for effective English language instruction in higher education has led to increased attention toward methodological models that promote simultaneous development of multiple language competencies. Among contemporary instructional frameworks, the Focus–Defocus Model has emerged as a pedagogically balanced approach that combines explicit language instruction with communicative practice. This article investigates the role of the Focus–Defocus Model in developing integrated language skills in English as a Foreign Language classrooms, with particular relevance to university-level foreign language instruction. The study examines how focused attention on linguistic forms during initial instructional stages facilitates later communicative expansion through defocused interaction. Particular emphasis is placed on the model’s capacity to improve speaking, listening, reading, and writing not as isolated abilities but as interconnected communicative processes. The analysis is based on contemporary second language acquisition theory, communicative pedagogy, and methodological synthesis. Findings suggest that the Focus–Defocus sequence strengthens learners’ cognitive engagement, promotes skill transfer, enhances communicative confidence, and supports sustainable language acquisition in academic contexts.
The education system of the United Kingdom is well known for its high academic standards and well-structured stages of education. This study examines its main levels, including primary, secondary, and higher education, as well as the national assessment system such as GCSEs and A-levels. The findings show that the system not only supports academic achievement but also promotes critical thinking and independent learning. It also contributes to students’ personal development. The study concludes that the UK education system is effective and well-organized, serving as an important model for modern education development.
Improving Learner Autonomy Through Digital Gamification in Uzbekistan Secondary Schools
This paper examines the integration of digital gamification tools, specifically Quizizz and Kahoot, to enhance learner autonomy and engagement in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms in Uzbekistan. Despite the prevalence traditional rote-learning methods in the regions still dominate the regional pedagogical landscape, this study focuses on a 12-week intervention involving 60 secondary school students. By facilitator to guide and support, students were encouraged to take ownership of their vocabulary acquisition. The results indicate a significant increase in student participation and a positive shift in attitudes toward independent study. The paper concludes that while digital tools are effective, their success depends heavily on institutional support and consistent internet access, providing a roadmap for future blended learning models in the region.
From Author to Algorithm: The Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Creation and Structure of the Modern Novel
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in creative writing and modern publishing is becoming more prominent, a key change in the process of writing, structuring and assessing literary text, specifically novels. This paper explores the revolutionary nature of AI in the composition and plot structuring of the contemporary novel, past the tool-related discourse and explores AI as a participative narrator. Based on a mixed-method research design, the study involves a qualitative narrative analysis and the use of computational text analysis to a structured dataset of more than 120 narrative samples, such as human-written, AI-assisted, and AI-generated novels. There is the application of quantitative measures like lexical diversity, rate of repetition, sentiment fluctuation, ratio lexical narration and dialogue, and structural linearity, and close reading based on narrative theory. The findings suggest that AI-generated novels have unique structural patterns such as a modular organization of chapters, optimal pacing, less stylistic variation, and increased coherence on the surface level. Even though AI-assisted novels retain the human touch, full-fledged AI-generated articles lack in characterization and exploration of the plot. These findings suggest that AI is not an assistant in writing, but a sort of an algorithmic story generator that is not only replicating the role of authorship as a form of co-production between the human and machine as a shared machine. The paper will add to the literature and digital humanities by proposing a model of AI-based fiction analysis based on data and addressing ethical and cultural consequences of the phenomenon of originality, transparency, and value of literary texts in the age of artificial narrative generation.
The Importance of Speech Development in the Growth of Preschool Children
This article provides an in-depth exploration of the theoretical and practical aspects of speech development in preschool-aged children. The influence of speech on a child's thinking, socialization, and emotional development is analyzed based on scientific principles. Furthermore, effective methods for speech enhancement, modern pedagogical approaches, and ways to overcome existing communication barriers are highlighted. The research results confirm that speech development is a priority area in preschool education.
Formation of Ecological Culture Among Primary School Students Through Uzbek Folk Ecology
Environmental degradation has become one of the most pressing global challenges of the twenty-first century, necessitating urgent integration of ecological education into formal schooling systems from the earliest stages. This study investigates the effectiveness of incorporating Uzbek folk ecology including proverbs, folk sayings, customs, rituals, and ethno-pedagogical traditions as a pedagogical instrument for cultivating ecological culture among primary school students in Uzbekistan. Employing a quasi-experimental design involving 240 students (aged 7–10) from four primary schools in Tashkent and Namangan regions during the 2023–2024 academic year, the research applied pedagogical experiment, structured observation, questionnaire surveys, semi-structured interviews, and comparative statistical analysis. Pre-test and post-test assessments revealed that students in the experimental group, who received instruction integrating folk ecological knowledge, demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in ecological awareness, ecological behaviour, and ecological responsibility compared to the control group.
The Language of The Wisdoms of Ahmad Yassavi and The Tradition of Wisdom
This article analyzes the mystical views formed on the basis of Ahmad Yassavi's wisdom and the conceptual compatibility of the document with modern artificial intelligence systems. The study covers the issues of the ethical and normative system of mysticism, the concept of wisdom and its comparison with artificial intelligence as a model for processing knowledge and processing it. , The spiritual, educational and epistemological significance of the work "Divoni hikmat" is revealed in the context of modern thinking.
The Concept of Labor in English and Uzbek Proverbs: A Statistical and Cultural Comparison
This article is devoted to the study of the concept of labor in English and Uzbek proverbs from statistical and cultural perspectives. Proverbs are considered as an important part of linguistic and cultural heritage that reflect the worldview, values, and social experience of a nation. The research aims to analyze the semantic features, thematic classification, and frequency of labor-related proverbs in both languages. The study is based on comparative, statistical, semantic, and linguocultural methods. A corpus of English and Uzbek proverbs has been collected and analyzed to identify similarities and differences in the representation of labor. The results show that labor is evaluated as a positive and essential value in both cultures. However, English proverbs tend to emphasize efficiency, productivity, and individual success, while Uzbek proverbs focus on diligence, patience, and moral responsibility. The findings of the research contribute to the development of comparative linguistics, linguocultural studies, and paremiology. The study also highlights the relationship between language and culture and demonstrates how proverbs serve as a tool for expressing cultural identity and social values.
Comparative Evaluation Of Digital Pr Communication Strategies Between International And Local Brands
Research objectives: This study aims to comparatively evaluate the digital public relations (PR) communication strategies of international and local brands, with a focus on identifying strategic patterns, performance differentials, and the role of cultural adaptation in shaping digital audience outcomes. Design/Methodology/Approach: A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining systematic content analysis of 200 social media campaigns across Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter/X, and YouTube, quantitative engagement metric collection, and semi-structured interviews with 16 PR communication professionals from both brand categories. Research findings: International brands significantly outperform local brands in absolute reach and impressions, yet local brands demonstrate markedly higher engagement depth — including engagement rates up to 43% above those of their international counterparts. Cultural alignment in content was positively correlated with engagement quality (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). Theoretical contributions/Originality: The study proposes the Communication Strategy Alignment Model (CSAM), a novel theoretical construct that maps brand internationalization level against cultural resonance, authenticity, and digital engagement depth. This model provides a replicable evaluative instrument for future PR scholarship. Implications for practitioners/policy: PR professionals at international brands should invest in localized content sub-strategies tailored to specific market contexts. Policymakers and media regulatory bodies are encouraged to develop digital PR guidelines that support cultural authenticity standards. Limitations/Research implications: The study is geographically limited to markets in Central Asia and Eastern Europe over a 10-month data window. Future research should expand the geographic and temporal scope and examine the emerging role of AI-assisted content generation in PR strategy differentiation
Efficiency of Producing High-Quality Seed Rice Under Production Conditions
This article presents the efficiency of producing seed rice of the medium-maturing Iskandar variety under production conditions, when nitrogen fertilizer was applied purely at a rate of N150 P120 K120 kg/ha, and of the late-maturing Lazurniy variety at N180 kg/ha, with three applications during germination, tillering, and panicle initiation stages. In the Iskandar variety, compared to the control (st), yield was higher by 20.8 c/ha, the amount of conditioned seed output increased by 1559.5 kg/ha, and income reached 17,152 thousand soums. For one hectare of seed rice cultivation, total expenses amounted to 5,482 thousand soums, while income was 17,818 thousand soums, resulting in an additional net profit of 12,336 thousand soums and a profitability level 32.4% higher. In the Lazurniy variety, compared to the control (st), yield was higher by 17.8 c/ha, the amount of conditioned seed output increased by 1480.3 kg/ha, and income rose by 20,723 thousand soums. Total expenses amounted to 6,552 thousand soums/ha, while income reached 21,512 thousand soums. As a result, compared to the control, an additional net profit of 14,961 thousand soums per hectare was obtained, and the profitability level was 30.1% higher.
Creative Approaches and the Use of Information Technologies in Foreign Language Teaching: Enhancing Language Skills Through Scamper Technology
In the context of rapid globalization and digital transformation, foreign language education is undergoing significant methodological changes aimed at enhancing learners’ communicative competence and cognitive flexibility. This study explores the role of creative approaches and information and communication technologies (ICT) in foreign language teaching, with a particular focus on the SCAMPER technique as a tool for fostering creativity and critical thinking. The research analyzes theoretical foundations of creative pedagogy, examines the structure and pedagogical potential of SCAMPER, and investigates its application in language classrooms supported by ICT tools. The study employs a qualitative analytical approach, drawing on existing pedagogical theories and methodological frameworks. It argues that SCAMPER-based activities, when integrated with digital technologies, significantly improve learner engagement, promote higher-order thinking skills, and facilitate meaningful language use in authentic contexts. Furthermore, the article discusses how ICT enhances interactivity, supports differentiated instruction, and enables learner autonomy. The findings suggest that the synergy between creative methodologies and digital tools leads to improved language acquisition outcomes and prepares learners for real-world communication. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for systematic integration of such approaches into curricula and teacher training programs.
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Artificial Intelligence and the Implementation of Science Education in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into higher education has introduced new dimensions to the implementation of science education in Nigerian tertiary institutions. This study examines how AI contributes to improving teaching, learning, research, and administrative processes in science-based disciplines. Drawing on existing literature, the paper identifies key areas where AI has enhanced science education, including personalized learning, innovative instructional delivery, improved assessment systems, research efficiency, collaborative learning, and professional development of academic staff. The study adopts a review-based approach, synthesizing empirical and theoretical works from both local and international sources. Findings reveal that AI has significantly improved the quality and effectiveness of science education in Nigerian tertiary institutions, although challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited technical skills, and policy gaps persist. The study concludes that while AI presents enormous opportunities for advancing science education, its successful implementation requires deliberate investment, policy support, and continuous capacity building. Recommendations are provided to guide stakeholders in maximizing the benefits of AI for sustainable science education development in Nigeria.
Genre Typology of Art-Related Content in Karakalpakstan Mass Media: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
This study examines the genre typology of art-related content in the mass media of Karakalpakstan from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. In the context of rapid media transformation, art journalism is evolving from a traditional genre-based structure into a complex, multi-layered communicative system. The research applies a mixed methodological approach combining genre classification, quantitative analysis, and qualitative interpretation of 120 media materials, including print and audiovisual sources. The findings reveal that informational genres dominate (42%), followed by analytical (28%) and artistic-publicistic genres (18%), while hybrid forms account for 12% of the total sample. The results demonstrate that art journalism in Karakalpakstan is characterized by increasing genre integration, where traditional boundaries between genres are becoming less distinct. In particular, hybrid formats such as report-review and portrait-interview indicate a shift toward more flexible and synthetic media practices. The study argues that the transformation of genre structures is influenced by several factors, including the aesthetic nature of art, the audiovisual capabilities of television, and the impact of digital media platforms. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of regional art journalism and provide an empirical basis for further research on media and cultural communication in transitional media environments.
Stylistic Features of the Inner Monologue in Modern Uzbek and English Novels
This article explores the stylistic features of the inner monologue as a narrative technique in modern Uzbek and English novels. It analyzes how writers employ inner speech to reveal characters’ psychological depth, emotional states, and subjective perceptions of reality. Through comparative analysis, the study identifies both universal and culturally specific aspects of inner monologue, highlighting its linguistic, structural, and functional characteristics in the two literary traditions.
The Concept of the Orthological Minimum and its role in Linguistics
This article provides a comprehensive definition of the concept of the orthological minimum and analyzes its role in linguistics. The orthological minimum constitutes the practical foundation of speech culture and ensures that language users communicate in a literate and effective manner. The study examines the phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and stylistic norms that form part of the orthological minimum and demonstrates the necessity of their accurate, appropriate, and contextually relevant use in the process of communication.
The Process of Working on Grammatical Material and Developing The Speech Competence of Biomedical Engineering Students
This article examines the problem of forming the communicative competence of non-philological university students in the process of teaching Russian based on professionally oriented situational conversations. Special attention is paid to the specifics of training students in the "Biomedical Engineering" field, whose professional activities are carried out in conditions of interdisciplinary interaction and high communicative responsibility. Key professional communication situations in "engineer-doctor" and "engineer-patient" systems are analyzed, and the necessity of integrating language training with the professional context is substantiated. It is concluded that the use of situational conversations contributes to the development of speaking skills, the formation of professional discourse, and the enhancement of the effectiveness of the communicative training of future specialists.