American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769) is an open-access and double-blind peer-reviewed international journal that aims to publish original research articles, case studies, and review papers. Journal is an interdisciplinary forum for researchers that address the intersection of education and STEM learning technologies. It aims to provide implications and scopes to develop and enhance STEM education as well as the uses of technology in education at all levels across the globe. It focuses to deliver perspectives at all levels, from the micro-level of explicit educational methods and tools to be used in the learning management system, educational institutional management method, development, and implementation, curriculum & content development, graduate employability, and quality education, to the macro-level of national policies and implementations; from primary education levels to adults in both territory and vocational education levels in schools, institutions and higher institutions to online, offline and lifelong learning.
The Effect of Peer Feedback on Writing Skill Development
This study investigates the impact of peer feedback on the development of writing skills in second language learning contexts. Adopting a mixed-method approach, the research combines quantitative assessment of writing performance with qualitative analysis of learner engagement. The statistical results indicate that students participating in structured peer feedback sessions improved their overall writing scores by approximately 20–30%, with the most notable gains observed in coherence, organization, and lexical variation. In contrast, learners exposed only to teacher-centered feedback demonstrated comparatively lower progress, averaging around 10–15% improvement. The findings also reveal a significant increase in revision frequency, suggesting that peer interaction encourages deeper cognitive involvement in the writing process. Beyond measurable outcomes, peer feedback fosters analytical thinking, self-regulation, and audience awareness. The study concludes that when systematically implemented, peer feedback serves as an effective pedagogical tool that enhances both the quality of written output and the learner’s active role in knowledge construction.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
The Role of Motivation in Second Language Learning Outcomes
Motivation is widely recognized as one of the most important factors influencing second language acquisition (SLA). This paper examines the role of motivation in determining learners’ success in acquiring a second language. It focuses on different types of motivation, including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as well as instrumental and integrative orientations. The study is based on a mixed-method approach involving questionnaires and interviews conducted among university students. The findings reveal that learners with higher intrinsic and integrative motivation tend to achieve better language outcomes and demonstrate greater long-term engagement. The paper concludes that motivation is a dynamic and multifaceted construct that significantly shapes language learning processes and outcomes.
Theoretical Foundations of Ancient Chinese Lexicography “Shuowen Jiezi” as a Philological and Epistemological Analysis
This study is devoted to the analysis of the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary, a fundamental monument of ancient Chinese lexicography, from philological, structural-semiotic, and epistemological perspectives. The research examines the graphemic structure of Chinese characters, their semantic-phonetic components, and the radical-based classification system. The results demonstrate that the majority of Chinese characters are based on the integration of semantic and phonetic elements and are organized according to consistent structural principles. It was also found that the radical system plays a crucial role in the semantic grouping of characters and serves as a key factor in determining their semantic fields. Based on these findings, the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary can be interpreted not only as a lexicographic source but also as a conceptual system that organizes knowledge through the Chinese writing system.
Enhancing Metacognitive Strategies in Flipped Classroom Environments: A Framework for Active Learning and Student Autonomy
The flipped classroom model has gained considerable attention as a pedagogical approach that reverses traditional instruction by delivering content outside class time and dedicating in-class sessions to active learning. However, the success of this model depends significantly on students’ metacognitive abilities—their awareness and regulation of their own learning processes. This study presents a comprehensive framework for integrating metacognitive strategies into flipped classroom environments to enhance student autonomy, engagement, and learning outcomes. Drawing on current pedagogical research and empirical evidence, we propose a structured approach that combines pre-class metacognitive scaffolding, in-class collaborative reflection, and post-class self-assessment. Our analysis reveals that explicit metacognitive instruction within the flipped classroom context significantly improves students’ self-regulated learning skills, critical thinking abilities, and academic performance. The findings suggest that educators should deliberately design flipped classroom activities that prompt metacognitive awareness, provide tools for learning strategy selection, and create opportunities for reflective practice. This framework offers practical implications for instructors seeking to maximize the pedagogical potential of flipped classrooms while developing students’ lifelong learning capabilities.
Effects Methods of Teaching English as a Foreign Language
This article examines the effectiveness of various methods used in teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and their impact on learners’ linguistic competence, motivation, and overall communicative ability. In the context of globalization and increasing demand for English proficiency, selecting appropriate teaching methodologies has become a crucial factor in achieving successful learning outcomes. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of both traditional and modern approaches, including the Grammar-Translation Method, Direct Method, Audio-Lingual Method, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), and the Flipped Classroom model. The research aims to identify which methods are most effective in developing the four key language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Special attention is given to learner-centered approaches that emphasize interaction, real-life communication, and critical thinking. The article highlights that while traditional methods contribute to the development of grammatical accuracy and reading skills, modern communicative approaches are more effective in enhancing fluency, confidence, and practical language use. Furthermore, the study explores the role of innovative technologies in EFL instruction, such as multimedia tools, online platforms, and digital learning environments. These tools are shown to increase student engagement, provide flexible learning opportunities, and support differentiated instruction based on individual learner needs. The integration of technology with interactive teaching strategies creates a more dynamic and effective learning process. The findings of the article suggest that no single method can fully address all aspects of language learning. Instead, a combination of methods—often referred to as an eclectic approach—yields the best results. Teachers are encouraged to adapt their teaching strategies according to students’ proficiency levels, learning styles, and educational contexts. The article also emphasizes the importance of teacher competence, classroom environment, and continuous professional development in ensuring the effectiveness of EFL instruction.
Lexical-Semantic Features of Fisheries Terminology in Linguistics
This article examines the lexical-semantic features of fisheries terminology from a linguistic perspective. The study focuses on the structure, meaning, and classification of terms used in the field of fisheries. It analyzes the processes of term formation, including derivation, compounding, borrowing, and semantic change. The research also explores semantic relations such as synonymy, polysemy, and homonymy within fisheries terminology. Special attention is given to the role of borrowed terms and their impact on the development of the terminology system. Furthermore, the functional usage of fisheries terms in professional and scientific discourse is discussed. The findings indicate that fisheries terminology is a dynamic and systematically organized subsystem of language that reflects both linguistic processes and developments in the field. The study contributes to a better understanding of specialized vocabulary and its role in effective communication.
Social Problems of The Era in Elbek’s Short Stories
The article analyzes the short stories of Mashriq Yunusov (Elbek), one of the most prominent representatives of early 20th-century Uzbek Jadid literature, from thematic and ideological perspectives. Although Elbek was primarily a poet, publicist, and educator, his stories reflect a number of pressing issues of that period. Through their study, it is also possible to identify the distinctive features of Jadid short story writing. The article reveals when and in which publications these stories were published, as well as their ideological and artistic aspects. In particular, special attention is paid to the writer’s stories such as “Fohisha,” “Jadid Qoravoy,” “Kuzatishda,” “Ona,” and “Kelgusining quyoshi.”
Methodology for Improving Students’ Learning Activities in The Credit-Module System
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Linguo-Poetic Harmony of Words and Images in The Poetry of Omon Matjon
This article systematically investigates the linguo-poetic harmony of words and images in the poetry of Omon Matjon. The study analyzes the poet’s choice of words, use of metaphors and similes, phonetic devices, and their artistic, symbolic, and philosophical functions. The results demonstrate that Matjon’s poems form a complex poetic system through the integration of language, sound, and imagery, producing aesthetic and emotional effects on the reader. Furthermore, the combination of colloquial simplicity with modern philosophical reflection enriches the poet’s work both artistically and philosophically.
Discourse Analusis and its Cognitive Feratures in Society
This article explores the intersection of discourse analysis and cognitive science, focusing on how language use in social contexts reflects and shapes human thought processes. Discourse analysis examines language beyond the sentence level, while cognitive features include mental models, framing, metaphor, presupposition, memory schemas, and social categorization. The article argues that understanding cognitive features of discourse is essential for analyzing how ideologies spread, how power is maintained, and how collective beliefs are formed in society. Real-world examples from politics, media, education, and law are provided, along with methodological recommendations and discussion of challenges.
Using Problem-Based Teaching Technology In Literary Education
This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of using problem-based learning in elementary school. Lessons focus on developing students' intellect through the use of problem-based learning techniques in literary education.
Uzbek Translation Peculiarities of English Proverbs
This article analyzes the challenges of translating English proverbs into Uzbek and examines effective strategies for preserving their meaning and cultural value. The study focuses on the semantic, cultural, and stylistic features of proverbs that complicate direct translation. Several English proverbs are analyzed together with their Uzbek equivalents to demonstrate how different translation methods can be applied. The paper also discusses approaches such as equivalent translation, descriptive translation, and cultural adaptation to achieve semantic accuracy and natural expression in the target language.
Lexicology: Russian Words of Turkic Origin
This article examines the characteristics of lexical borrowings from Turkic languages into the Russian language. It explores the historical prerequisites for the emergence of Turkisms, their thematic groups, and the specifics of their functioning in modern Russian. The analysis demonstrates that a significant number of words of Turkic origin have become firmly established in the lexical system of the Russian language and are used in various spheres of communication. Turkic borrowings serve as important evidence of the cultural and historical contacts between Slavic and Turkic peoples.
Hierarchical-Semantic Nature of the Conceptosphere “Morality”
This article reflects the hierarchical-semantic approach to the arrangement of units in the concept sphere by the level of generalization, as well as how the content of "morality" is systematized through relationships such as hyperonymy-hyponymy, synonymy, antonymy, and meronymy.
Using Innovative Technologies in Russian Language Lessons
This article examines the role and effectiveness of innovative technologies, particularly information and communication technologies (ICT), in teaching the Russian language in primary school. The study aims to explore how modern pedagogical approaches contribute to the development of students’ cognitive abilities, speech competence, and overall personality formation. The research is based on a systematic analysis of contemporary educational practices, integrating theoretical perspectives with practical classroom experience. Special attention is given to such innovative approaches as project-based learning, collaborative learning, problem-based learning, and the use of digital and internet resources. These methods are considered as key tools for increasing students’ motivation, enhancing engagement, and supporting individualized learning processes. The article also highlights the importance of adapting teaching strategies to the psychophysiological characteristics of learners, especially for children experiencing speech and learning difficulties. The findings demonstrate that the integration of ICT into Russian language lessons significantly improves students’ academic performance, promotes independent thinking, and develops essential communicative competencies. The use of multimedia tools, interactive exercises, and electronic educational resources allows teachers to shift from traditional explanatory methods to activity-based and student-centered learning models. As a result, students become more active participants in the educational process, showing increased interest and improved learning outcomes. Furthermore, the study reveals that innovative technologies facilitate differentiated instruction, enable continuous assessment, and create a psychologically comfortable learning environment. The practical significance of the research lies in providing effective methodological recommendations for teachers aimed at optimizing the teaching process in primary education. In conclusion, the use of innovative technologies in Russian language teaching not only enhances the quality of education but also prepares students for successful adaptation in the modern information society.
Theoretical Basis of Developing Digital Emotional Intelligence
This scientific article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the development of digital emotional intelligence. It examines how the classical components of emotional intelligence - self-awareness, self-management, motivation, empathy and social skills - are formed and developed in the digital environment. It also highlights psychological and pedagogical approaches to the development of emotional intelligence through digital technologies, educational platforms and virtual communication tools. The results of the study serve as a theoretical basis for the formation of social adaptation, emotional stability and effective communication skills of a person in the digital environment.
Methodological Foundations of Using Steam Technology in Primary Grade Science Classes
This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of using STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics) technology in primary school natural science lessons. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to strengthen interdisciplinary integration in modern education and the formation of practical skills in students. The article highlights the stages of organizing lessons based on the theory of constructivism and the 5E model.
The Theoretical Foundations of Part–Whole Relations and Their Significance
This article examines the theoretical foundations of part–whole relations within the frameworks of formal mereology and linguistic meronymy. Particular attention is given to the logical properties of part–whole relations, including transitivity, asymmetry, and hierarchical organization. The study also analyzes structural and functional criteria that distinguish genuine parts from arbitrary fragments. By comparing formal logical approaches with cognitive and linguistic perspectives, the research demonstrates that human conceptualization plays a crucial role in interpreting part–whole relations. The findings suggest that although formal mereological models provide logical precision, they cannot fully capture the complexity of human cognitive processes. Therefore, an integrated approach combining formal and cognitive perspectives is essential for understanding part–whole structures in language, knowledge organization, and ontology design.
Effects of Manual Communication Method on Listening Proficiency of Students with Hearing Impairment in Special Schools in Lafia Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Listening proficiency is a foundational skill that underpins academic success, yet for students with hearing impairment, the development of this skill is heavily dependent on the communication methods employed in the classroom. This study investigated the effects of the manual communication method on the listening proficiency of students with hearing impairment in special schools in Lafia Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The study adopted a quasi-experimental. The entire population was 57 students with hearing impairment from the two schools. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the participants. Participants from Government Comprehensive Special School, Lafia (n=15) formed the experimental group which received instruction using the manual communication method incorporating sign language, fingerspelling, gestures and visual cues and Dunama Special School as control group (n=14) which received instruction using the oral communication method emphasizing speech and lip reading. Listening proficiency was measured using a validated 100-mark Listening Proficiency Assessment Tool which yielded a Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of 0.82. Pre-test and post-test scores were analyzed using independent samples t-tests and two-way analysis of variance. Results revealed a statistically significant difference in post-test scores: the experimental group (M = 72.40, SD = 8.30) outperformed the control group (M = 58.20, SD = 7.90) with t(27) = 4.68, p < .001, indicating a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.76). Age of onset of hearing loss and parental communication mode were found to influence the effectiveness of the communication methods. The findings demonstrated that the manual communication method significantly enhances listening proficiency among students with hearing impairment. The study recommended that special schools adopt manual communication as a primary instructional method and that teacher training programmes integrate comprehensive manual communication instruction for educators working with deaf learners.
The Role of TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) in Preparing Teachers for the Digital Age
The rapid expansion of digital technologies has transformed educational environments, creating new expectations for teachers to integrate technology meaningfully into teaching and learning. In contemporary classrooms, effective instruction requires more than mastery of subject content and pedagogy; teachers must also understand how digital tools can enhance learning experiences. The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework provides a comprehensive model that explains how teachers combine technological knowledge, pedagogical strategies, and subject expertise to support effective instruction. This empirical study investigates the role of TPACK in preparing pre-service teachers for digitally mediated classrooms. Using a mixed-methods research design, data were collected from 238 pre-service teachers across three Universities in north central Nigeria. Quantitative data were obtained through structured questionnaire measuring technology integration self-efficacy, while qualitative insights were gathered from reflective journals and focus group discussions. The findings indicate that structured TPACK-based coursework significantly predicts pre-service teachers’ confidence in integrating technology into classroom instruction. Participants who engaged in collaborative lesson design, reflective practice, and scaffolded field experience demonstrated stronger understanding of how technology supports pedagogy and content delivery. The study concludes that teacher education programme must embed TPACK systematically within curricula. Integrating technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge across training programmes can better prepare future teachers to navigate and teach effectively in increasingly digital learning environments.
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK)
Toponyms of To‘raqo‘rg‘on District: Linguistic Transformation and Lexical-Semantic Changes (A Diachronic Approach)
This article analyzes the historical development, linguistic transformation, and lexical-semantic changes of toponyms found in To‘raqo‘rg‘on district of Namangan region based on a diachronic approach. The study examines the formation of place names, their evolution from ancient layers to modern forms, as well as semantic shifts influenced by social, cultural, and historical factors. It also explores phonetic, morphological, and semantic mechanisms of toponymic change and determines their role in the linguistic and cultural system of the region. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the historical-linguistic layers and etymological features of To‘raqo‘rg‘on toponymy.
Physical Coordination Exercises in Students and Their Developmental Characteristics
This article highlights the importance of physical education in human health. It is shown that physical coordination exercises develop the physical qualities of the body, including strength, speed, endurance and agility, as well as mental qualities. In addition, the positive effect of physical coordination exercises on the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems, as well as their role in strengthening immunity, is analyzed. The importance of proper breathing, stretching, rest and healthy eating is also emphasized.
Theoretical And Practical Foundations Of Steam Technology
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of STEAM technology. STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) as an integrated approach is aimed at harmonizing practical activities with theoretical knowledge in the educational process. The article reveals its theoretical foundations in areas such as interdisciplinary integration, project approach, research — based teaching; and its practical aspects — the development of creativity in students, problem solving, experimentation, and the formation of practical skills through project implementation.
The Linguistic Aspects of the Creator’s Credo in Eastern Literary Studies
This article examines the linguistic and philosophical foundations of the "creator’s credo" in Eastern literary traditions. Contrasting with Western individualism, it explores how Persian, East Asian, and Slavic literatures utilize paradox, silence, and polyphony to encode a worldview of self-transcendence. By analyzing specific linguistic markers—such as the "cutting word" in Haiku and "dialogism" in the Russian novel—the study concludes that the Eastern credo functions as a ritualistic alignment with cosmic and communal order.
The Importance Of Realias In Literary Studies And The Difficulties In Translation
The article discusses the importance of realities in literary works and their correct classification in the translation process. In literary studies, reality also means that it reflects cultural elements specific to a particular nation or language. These elements include material objects, customs, traditions, and social lifestyles, and are unfamiliar or unique to another nation or language. Giving reality the intended translation in the original text creates difficulties for translators, such as preserving the originality of the original text. It is noted that the study of realities and expanding the scope of related research is of particular importance in studying the internal developmental characteristics of a particular language and in broadly highlighting differences between cultures.
Ghulam Zafari’s Role in The History of Uzbek Dramaturgy
Ghulam Zafari is one of the most important figures in Uzbek modern literature. A poet, dramatist, folklorist and musicologist, his diverse creative output made a significant contribution to twentieth-century Uzbek culture. Zafari is also considered the founder of Uzbek children's drama, having written the first Uzbek musical drama. This played a crucial role in enriching the country's theatrical art and introducing new artistic forms to Uzbek literature. His play Halima was very popular among the Uzbek people in the 1920s and 1930s, attracting large audiences and gaining recognition for its artistic expressiveness and social significance. Prominent figures in Uzbek literature, including Fitrat, Cholpon and Abdulla Qadiri, as well as Russian art critics B. Pestovsky and V. Ouspensky, praised this work, emphasising its significance in the evolution of modern Uzbek dramaturgy and its impact on subsequent literary developments. In the twentieth century, Ghulam Zafari left a significant legacy in Uzbek culture, contributing to literature, folklore studies, musicology and the broader cultural sphere. His works reflect the socio-cultural environment of his time, demonstrating a deep connection with national traditions and values. This article provides a brief analysis of Zafari's life and masterpieces, based on archival research into newspapers published at the beginning of the 20th century. It offers valuable insights into his creative legacy and historical significance.
Coastal Erosion and Shoreline Changes along the Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal coastline represents one of the most dynamic and vulnerable coastal systems in the world, shaped by complex interactions between natural processes and anthropogenic interventions. This study examines the patterns, causes, and consequences of coastal erosion and shoreline changes along the eastern coast of India, with particular reference to West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Coastal erosion in this region is driven by a combination of wave action, tidal currents, cyclonic storms, sediment supply variations, and sea-level rise. Human activities such as dam construction, port development, sand mining, and urban expansion further exacerbate shoreline instability. The research highlights spatial variations in erosion and accretion, emphasizing critically affected zones such as the Sundarbans, Digha coast, Paradip, and the Krishna–Godavari delta. Environmental and socio-economic impacts include land loss, habitat degradation, salinization, and displacement of coastal communities. The study also evaluates mitigation strategies such as coastal zone management, mangrove restoration, and engineering interventions. It concludes by advocating an integrated and sustainable approach to coastal management that combines scientific understanding, policy measures, and community participation to enhance resilience against ongoing and future coastal challenges.
Legal and Organizational Foundations of Environmental Protection
This article examines the legal and organizational foundations of environmental protection, including state policy, environmental legislation, and issues of international cooperation. It also analyzes the laws adopted in the Republic of Uzbekistan concerning environmental protection, their practical significance, and the role of international conventions in addressing ecological problems. The study substantiates that legal mechanisms and the state governance system play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance.
Methods of Learning Language Norms and Structures in Language Acquisition
This article provides a detailed examination of the fundamental methods and theoretical approaches employed in the study of language norms and structural elements in language learning. Particular attention is given to the role of linguistic norms in developing learners' communicative competence and facilitating the effective acquisition of a foreign language. The study emphasises that an understanding of the structural organisation of language is crucial for developing accurate and meaningful communication. The paper analyses the importance of the key components of language norms, including phonetic, lexical and grammatical aspects. Phonetic norms are considered essential for developing correct pronunciation, intonation and speech clarity, all of which are necessary for successful oral communication. Lexical norms are examined in the context of vocabulary acquisition, semantic accuracy and the appropriate use of words in different communication situations. Additionally, grammatical norms are discussed as the structural framework that enables learners to construct coherent, logical sentences, facilitating the precise expression of ideas. Furthermore, the article emphasises the importance of modern pedagogical technologies in improving the language learning process. It examines innovative teaching approaches, such as interactive learning strategies, digital tools, collaborative learning environments and task-based instructional methods, as effective means of promoting deeper engagement with linguistic structures. These methods encourage active participation, critical thinking and the practical application of linguistic knowledge in real communication situations.
Psychological Mechanisms of Professional Motivation and Personal Maturity in the Development of Supervisory Skills
This article explores the intricate psychological mechanisms underlying the development of supervisory skills, with a particular focus on professional motivation and personal maturity. Supervisory competence is a multidimensional construct that requires not only technical and organizational knowledge but also a high level of emotional intelligence, self-regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. The study examines how intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors influence the readiness and willingness of individuals to assume supervisory roles, as well as how personal maturity—encompassing self-awareness, responsibility, ethical reasoning, and adaptive coping strategies—facilitates effective leadership and decision-making in complex organizational environments. Through a comprehensive review of contemporary psychological theories and empirical research, the article highlights the dynamic interplay between motivation and personal development in shaping supervisory behavior. Key mechanisms discussed include goal orientation, self-determination, resilience, reflective thinking, and the ability to manage stress and interpersonal conflicts. The article also considers the role of continuous professional development, mentoring, and feedback systems in enhancing both motivation and personal maturity among supervisors. The findings underscore that the development of supervisory skills is not merely a matter of acquiring procedural knowledge, but rather a holistic process involving the cultivation of psychological resources that promote adaptive, ethical, and effective leadership. By identifying the core psychological mechanisms at play, this research offers practical implications for organizations aiming to design targeted training programs, enhance leadership pipelines, and foster sustainable professional growth among supervisory personnel.