American Journal of Science on Integration and Human Development (2993-2750)
Journal Description: American Journal of Science on Integration and Human Development (ISSN: 2993-2750) The American Journal of Science on Integration and Human Development (AJSIHD) is a prestigious double-blind, peer-reviewed scholarly journal published twelve times a year, at the end of each month. The primary aim of AJSIHD is to provide a robust platform for academicians and researchers to advance scholarship and disseminate scientific knowledge in key areas including cognitive sciences, human development, human resource development, and counseling. These areas are fundamental to the human development plans of various development programs. Key Focus Areas: Cognitive Sciences: Exploration of mental processes, brain functions, and neuropsychological studies. Human Development: Research on psychological and social growth, developmental stages, and life-span development. Human Resource Development: Insights into employee training, performance enhancement, and organizational development. Various field of Law, human rights, administrative & civil law, all humanities disciplines Counseling: Examination of counseling techniques, therapeutic practices, and mental health strategies. Types of Contributions: AJSIHD encourages a diverse range of submissions, including: Research Articles: Comprehensive studies that are either conceptual or empirical. Case Studies: In-depth analyses of specific instances or phenomena within the journal's scope. Practitioner Perspectives: Practical insights and applications from professionals working in relevant fields. Book Reviews: Critical evaluations of recent publications related to cognitive sciences, human development, and counseling. Academia-Industry Forum: A distinctive feature of AJSIHD is the Academia-Industry Forum. This forum provides a dedicated space for collaborative research between academic faculty and industry professionals, including CEOs, managers, and employees from both public and private sector organizations. This section emphasizes practical insights and real-world applications over theoretical perspectives, aiming to uncover lesser-known managerial and organizational practices. The Academia-Industry Forum represents a proactive effort to foster mutually beneficial collaboration between universities and industry, enriching both academic research and practical applications. Commitment to Diverse Scholarly Discourses: AJSIHD is committed to respecting and promoting scholarly discourses across a variety of ontological, epistemological, and methodological traditions. This commitment ensures a rich and diverse academic environment that welcomes multiple paradigms of social research. By publishing high-quality research and facilitating meaningful academic-industry collaborations, the American Journal of Science on Integration and Human Development strives to contribute significantly to the advancement of knowledge and the practical application of research findings in cognitive sciences, human development, human resource development, and counseling.
The Role of Written Sources in Shaping Historical Consciousness
This article examines the role and importance of written sources in raising historical consciousness and national identity in the life of society and the spirituality of the younger generation at the stage of development of New Uzbekistan. The purpose of the article is to reveal the conceptual influence of written monuments of the past, in particular, historical information reflected in the manuscripts of medieval Central Asian thinkers, on the formation of modern social thought. The research used the methods of historicism, chronological sequence, comparative historical analysis, and source studies. The article scientifically substantiates that written sources are not just material witnesses of past reality, but also an important factor serving as an ideological and methodological basis for building the foundations of the third Renaissance in society. As a result of the research, practical proposals were put forward to protect historical truth among young people through the integration of written heritage materials into the system of modern educational and cultural-enlightenment institutions and their digitization.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Science on Integration and Human Development (2993-2750)
The History of the Formation and Stages of Development of Sinology in Uzbekistan
This article analyzes the formation and development stages of the discipline of Chinese studies (sinology) in Uzbekistan based on historical sources and scientific research. The study covers the process of the emergence of Chinese studies, its formation as a scientific school, as well as the stages of its development during the Soviet period and the years of independence. In particular, special attention is paid to the issues of the establishment of the Tashkent School of Oriental Studies, the formation of the system of studying and teaching the Chinese language, and the development of scientific and cultural relations between Uzbekistan and China. The article analyzes the scientific heritage of scientists working in the field of Chinese studies, their monographs and articles, and reveals the place of this field in the scientific environment of Uzbekistan. It also considers the development trends, new scientific directions and prospects of Chinese studies in the modern era. The results of the study serve to provide a deeper understanding of the process of the formation of the scientific school of Oriental studies and Chinese studies in Uzbekistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Science on Integration and Human Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Religious Tolerance as A Historical and Modern Foundation of Interethnic Relations
This article analyzes the functional role of religious tolerance in balancing and developing interethnic relations within the context of historical continuity and contemporary socio-political processes. The ideological stereotypes of historiography during the former Soviet period are critically examined, while the historical roots of the culture of interreligious dialogue and tolerance formed over centuries in the land of Movarounnahr are objectively assessed. The study employs methods of historicism, comparative analysis, and a systematic approach. Under the conditions of New Uzbekistan, institutional reforms aimed at ensuring harmony among various nationalities and confessions in the republic, as well as the concept of the “Uzbek model of tolerance,” are conceptualized. In conclusion, practical recommendations are proposed for enhancing the historical consciousness and culture of tolerance among youth in the process of building the foundation of the Third Renaissance.
A Quest for Identity: Living Reality of Bengali Muslims in West Bengal
This article explores the complex identity of Bangla-speaking Muslims in West Bengal, who make up about one-fourth of the state’s population. Despite their important social, economic, and cultural contributions, this community faces a persistent identity crisis. They are often reduced to a single religious label, while their Bengali heritage, economic situations, and educational backgrounds are ignored. This marginalization is reinforced by various groups, including government officials, media, and political extremists, who often treat the community as just a “vote bank” during elections. The research reveals a double challenge to their identity. Urdu-speaking Muslims often view them as “impure” because of their history of conversion, while elite Bengali Hindus dismiss their “Bengaliness.” Furthermore, while the state's cultural narrative tends to focus on upper-class individuals, more than 90 percent of Bengali Muslims in rural West Bengal live in poverty. Their real-life experiences are overshadowed by these glorified stories. By examining historical origins—from the peaceful introduction of Islam by Sufi mystics to the deepening communal divides during British colonial rule and the 1947 Partition—the article shows how this community navigates a rapidly changing world in a constant quest for recognition and social acceptance.
Prevalence, Determinants, and Socioeconomic Inequality of Anaemia Among Women of Reproductive Age in Odisha and Jharkhand, India: A Survey-Weighted Analysis with Machine Learning Insights Using NFHS-5 Data
Background: Anaemia among females of reproductive age (15-49 years) is a major community health crisis in India. Odisha and Jharkhand, two states with large tribal and economically disadvantaged populations, report anaemia burdens substantially above the national average. Objective: This study sought to define the dominance of anaemia in Odisha and Jharkhand, investigate its socioeconomic and nutritional causes using survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression, measure wealth-related inequality via the Concentration Index, and pinpoint key predictors using Random Forest classification. Methods: The analysis performed on pooled data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5, 201921), comprising 27,971 women from Odisha and 26,495 women from Jharkhand, for a entire sample of 54,466 women age bearing 15 to 49 years. Survey-weighted logistic regression models (svyglm with quasibinomial family), Random Forest classification ( ntree = 500), Variance Inflation Factor ( VIF) analysis, Concentration Index ( CI), and Erreygers’ Normalized Concentration Index ( ECI) were used. Jharkhand, the middle wealth category, and higher education were used as reference groups. Results: The survey-weighted prevalence of anaemia was 67.1% in Jharkhand and 65.5% in Odisha. There was no statistically significant difference between states (AOR=1.00; 95% CI: 0.951.07; p=0.879). Key factors included: higher BMI (Protective effect, AOR=1.00 per unit; p < 0.001), no education (AOR=1.00 1.20; p < 0.001), primary education (AOR=1.00; p=0.003), secondary education (AOR=1.00; p < 0.001), poorest wealth status (AOR=1.00; p < 0.001), and poorer wealth status (AOR=1.00; p=0.010). The VIF analysis indicated the absence of multicollinearity. According to the Mean Decrease Gini metric, Random Forest identified BMI and Age as the most significant predictors. The Concentration Index (CI = -0.065; Erreygers' ECI = -0.177) indicated that anaemia was significantly more prevalent among poorer populations. Conclusion: Anaemia in Odisha and Jharkhand is driven primarily by low BMI, lower education, and poverty rather than state of residence. Targeted nutrition, education, and poverty-alleviation interventions are urgently needed in both states.
A Comparative Study of Presumptive Stressful Life Events on Marital Status and Gender
The institution of marriage is considered as the sacred collaboration not only between two people but two different families. In a hindu majority population marriage is a binding for whole life and separation by any religious rule or custom is not mentioned anywhere, so society is also not accepting the failure of marriage easily. Unfortunately, if a person is facing divorce, this is affecting him/her in many ways. To assess the impact of marital status on the level of stress among men and women a total of 100 participants was chosen for the study. In the 2x2 factorial research design stratification was based on two strata, marital status (married and divorced) and gender (male and female). In every cell of the sample there were 25 participants selected by purposive sampling technique. The Presumptive stressful life Event Scale[1] was used to determine the level of stress among the participants. The data analysis shows that the stress among the married women is higher than married men but divorced men are shown more presumptive stress than divorced women. The two-way ANOVA has been revealed that the impact of gender and marital status together plays a significant role in producing such stress.
The Image of Labor Migrants in Social Media and Internet Journalism: Cultural and Ethnic Dimensions
This article analyzes the formation of the image of labor migrants in Internet journalism and social media from cultural, ethnic, and social perspectives. Specifically, it examines how the topic of labor migration is covered in Uzbek and Russian online publications, the emergence of media frames regarding migrants, factors influencing public opinion, and issues related to the socio-cultural identification of migrants. In addition, the article analyzes media materials on crime, education, religious freedom, and cultural adaptation involving migrants, and explores their impact on audience consciousness. The findings indicate that the image of the labor migrant is being formed in a hybrid manner in media discourse — simultaneously as an economic resource, a subject in need of social protection, and a member of an 'alien' social group.
Compounding Advantage: Explaining the Outperformance of Index Funds over Active Funds
This paper analyses the principle of compounding and its essential function in the generation of long-term wealth, emphasising its compatibility with passive investment strategies. Compounding makes investments grow very quickly over time, so consistency and cost-effectiveness are key to getting the most out of your money. Through frequent trading and careful stock selection, actively managed mutual funds try to beat the market. However, they often fall short because of high management fees, transaction costs, and inconsistent decision-making. Over long periods of time, these things can greatly reduce the benefits of compounding. On the other hand, index funds are a better way to invest because they have low expense ratios, a wide range of markets, and little turnover in portfolios. With these traits, investors can take full advantage of the compounding effect without having to pay a lot of extra costs. This study uses historical data and performance comparisons to show that index funds consistently provide stable and competitive returns, often beating most actively managed funds over the long term. The results show that a disciplined, long-term investment strategy in index funds is a good way to build wealth. Index funds are a good way for average investors to get long-term financial growth and lower investment risk because they combine the power of compounding with low costs and exposure to the whole market.
Prospects for The Development of Museum Tourism in Uzbekistan
This article analyzes the current state and development prospects of museum tourism in Uzbekistan. The study examines the role of museums in preserving cultural heritage, attracting tourists, and supporting the development of the tourism industry. Particular attention is given to the ongoing reforms aimed at modernizing museums, improving tourism infrastructure, and increasing international tourist flows. Statistical data related to museum visitors and the most popular museums in Uzbekistan were analyzed to evaluate the growth trends of museum tourism. The results of the research indicate that museum tourism has significant potential for strengthening the country’s international tourism image and contributing to sustainable economic development. Based on the findings, several practical recommendations for improving museum tourism in Uzbekistan were proposed.
The Baburid Empire: Military Reforms That Became the Basis of Victory
This article analyzes the military system of the Baburid Empire, which emerged in India in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the reforms that played a key role in its development. Specifically, it explores the strategic importance of artillery and firearms used by Babur, using the Battle of Panipat in 1526 as an example. The military superiority of the Baburid Empire is primarily explained by the effective use of modern military technology, the formation of a centralized army system, and the combination of traditional and new methods of warfare. It is also established that these reforms laid the foundation for a radical overhaul of the military system in India and the formation of a large centralized state.
Ways to Resolve Labor Disputes in The Community
The study adopts a qualitative methodological approach, utilizing document analysis, comparative evaluation, and socio-psychological interpretation to explore the underlying causes and resolution strategies of labor disputes. The findings reveal that conflicts in educational organizations, particularly in preschool institutions, often emerge due to deficiencies in communication, inconsistencies in managerial practices, lack of awareness of legal rights and obligations, and misalignment between institutional expectations and employee performance. Special emphasis is placed on vertical conflicts occurring between management and subordinate staff, highlighting the critical role of leadership competence, emotional intelligence, and organizational culture in conflict prevention and resolution. The research identifies labor dispute commissions, negotiation processes, and judicial mechanisms as key institutional tools; however, their effectiveness largely depends on transparency, procedural fairness, and the level of trust within the organization. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of preventive strategies, including the development of open communication environments, strengthening managerial and legal literacy, and fostering collaborative decision-making processes. These measures contribute not only to minimizing disputes but also to enhancing institutional stability, employee satisfaction, and overall organizational performance.
Design and Development of a Web-Based Vehicle Rental System for Seamless Customer Experience
The goal of creating a vehicle rental system is to make it easy for people all over the world to book cars online. This integrated system automates tasks that would normally be done by hand, making it easy for consumers to enter their car preferences and location. The super vehicle rental system's easy-to-use interface makes it easier for clients to use the platform. Administrators can easily handle rentals, bookings, client questions, and vehicle information. Customers can see vehicle models, descriptions, and rates, register, and view rental plans via a website that works on a variety of devices. The system, which was made with PHP, DBMS, and XAMPP, is a complete solution for vehicle rental businesses that makes things easy for both consumers and administrators. a smooth platform for clients to look into travel options and easily go to where they need to go. This website is open to a wide range of people, including students, working professionals, and those looking for transit services. It is a perfect example of how the IT sector has combined customer focus with technological progress. The initiative intends to improve user experiences and have a bigger impact on the business world by combining human demands with new technology.
Poverty and Human Development in India: A Study of Basic Socioeconomic Indicators
This study examines the relationship between poverty and human development in India through selected basic socioeconomic indicators. It moves beyond a narrow income-based view of poverty and adopts a broader perspective that includes education, health, living conditions, employment, consumption, and human development outcomes. The study is based on secondary data drawn from trusted sources such as NITI Aayog, NFHS-5, PLFS 2023–24, HCES 2023–24, Census 2011, and UNDP. The findings show a clear decline in multidimensional poverty in India between 2015–16 and 2019–21, with a sharper reduction in rural areas. At the same time, the data reveal important progress in household amenities such as electricity, drinking water, and iodized salt usage. However, major disparities continue in sanitation, clean cooking fuel, education, health, and employment, especially between rural and urban areas and between men and women. Rural India shows higher fertility and mortality rates, while urban India records higher consumption expenditure and better educational outcomes. The state-wise correlation analysis further shows a negative association between multidimensional poverty and monthly per capita consumption expenditure, particularly rural MPCE. The study concludes that although India has made noticeable progress in reducing poverty and improving human development, persistent inequalities in access, opportunity, and living conditions continue to limit inclusive development.
The Role of Information Education in Protecting Youth from Ideological Threats
This article analyzes informational and ideological threats that negatively affect the minds of young people in the modern information space and reveals the importance of information education in preventing them. Information education is considered as the main pedagogical and psychological means of teaching the younger generation to make a conscious choice based on ideological views, moral norms and social values, and making them immune to negative informational influences. The article analyzes the role and methodology of information education in forming a conscious attitude of young people towards information, ensuring their mental and spiritual stability, and developing critical thinking, thereby creating immunity against various destructive ideas. At the same time, ideological views in national and historical and spiritual sources, approaches to information education based on classical heritage are covered on a deep scientific basis.
Impact of Mining on Environment and Human Settlements: A Study on Durgapur Region
Mining activities are among the most significant drivers of regional economic development, yet they pose profound environmental and social challenges. The Durgapur region, located in the industrial belt of West Bengal, has witnessed extensive coal and mineral extraction over the past decades, contributing to economic growth and employment generation. However, these activities have also led to environmental degradation, including deforestation, air and water pollution, soil erosion, and alteration of landforms. Human settlements in the region have experienced displacement, loss of livelihoods, health hazards, and changes in social structures. This research article examines the multifaceted impacts of mining on the environment and human settlements in Durgapur, integrating field surveys, satellite imagery analysis, and secondary data sources. The study highlights the tension between industrial development and ecological sustainability, proposing mitigation strategies and policy recommendations to harmonize economic growth with environmental protection and human well-being.
Labor Migration: Scientific Views, Research Results
This article examines the scientific views of scientists from various fields on population and migrant migration, as well as their attempts to define these concepts. Based on the analysis of the literature, he provides his own author's definition of the concept of "migration". The author also cites the results of his research, analyzes the opinions of teenagers whose loved ones went into labor migration, and provides his personal conclusions and suggestions.
Regulation of Different Transcription Factors in EMT Transition in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): A Comprehensive Analysis
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and impaired differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells. Although epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is classically associated with solid tumors, emerging evidence suggests that EMT-like processes also play a critical role in hematological malignancies, including AML. These processes contribute to disease progression, drug resistance, stemness, and leukemic cell migration within the bone marrow niche. Central to EMT regulation are transcription factors such as SNAIL, SLUG, TWIST, ZEB1, and ZEB2, which orchestrate gene expression changes that promote mesenchymal phenotypes. This article explores the molecular mechanisms governing the regulation of these transcription factors in AML, the signaling pathways involved, and their implications in leukemogenesis and therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, it highlights the interplay between the bone marrow microenvironment and EMT-related transcriptional networks, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets.
The Importance of Green Economy Principles in the Development of the Service Sector
This article discusses the importance of green economy principles in the development of the service sector and the issues of their practical implementation. The study analyzes the essence of the green economy, its role in the service sector, and its contribution to ensuring environmental sustainability. In addition, recommendations are developed to increase economic efficiency and strengthen environmental protection by introducing green economy principles into the service sector in Uzbekistan.
The Importance of English in International Banking Communication
This article explores the role of English in international banking communication. It analyzes how English facilitates financial documentation, professional correspondence, and cooperation between banks and international institutions. The study highlights that proficiency in English improves efficiency, reduces misunderstandings, and strengthens global financial relations. Special attention is given to developing English skills among banking professionals to enhance competitiveness in the international financial market.
Digitalization of Migration Governance in Uzbekistan: Progress and Risks
The digitalization of migration governance in Uzbekistan represents a significant step toward improving the efficiency, transparency, and responsiveness of the country’s migration management system. Over the past few years, Uzbekistan has implemented various digital tools and platforms, including electronic visa systems, online registration for labor migrants, and centralized databases for migration records. These innovations have facilitated faster processing of applications, better monitoring of migrant flows, and enhanced inter-agency coordination. However, the rapid shift to digital platforms also poses certain risks, such as cybersecurity threats, data privacy concerns, and potential exclusion of populations with limited digital literacy. This study examines the progress made in digital migration governance in Uzbekistan, identifies the main risks associated with digitalization, and suggests strategies for mitigating these challenges while ensuring inclusive and secure digital migration management.
The Economic Consequences of a Competitive Market and Monopoly
The article analyzes the economic nature of a competitive market and monopoly, as well as their positive and negative aspects. It examines competition policy in the conditions of Uzbekistan, the economic consequences of monopolies, and measures for their regulation. In addition, recommendations are provided for creating a healthy competitive environment and reducing the negative impact of monopolies.
Personalized Travel Recommendation System for Intelligent Tourism Planning
Planning a trip can take a lot of time and work because travelers have to think about their own tastes and budget while also looking at a lot of different places, hotels, attractions, restaurants, ratings, and reviews. The tourism industry has become very data-driven because of the fast growth of digital information and social media sites. This makes it hard for people to quickly find the best travel options. This study examines a travel recommendation system that facilitates vacation planning through intelligent, tailored suggestions. The suggested system looks at things like the type of travel, the size of the group, the length of the stay, and the user's interests to suggest places to stay, eat, and visit. To make recommendations more accurate, it uses different methods, such as content-based filtering, collaborative filtering, and personalized approaches. The system also uses online reviews and travel-related data to make recommendations better. The travel recommendation system helps users make smart choices and makes planning trips easier by quickly processing a lot of tourism data. By connecting travelers with destinations that best match their interests and preferences, these kinds of systems can greatly improve the user experience, encourage tourism activities, and help the tourism industry grow.
Total Quality Management Standards for Organizations and Their Impact on Organizational Effectiveness: A Review
It is important for us to determine the clear impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) on the dimensions of Organizational Effectiveness (OE) (Commitment (CO) and Flexibility (FL)), which are among the essential pillars we emphasize. Employees face numerous obstacles in their organizational performance, hindering the development of a broad performance horizon that fosters commitment and flexibility. They must also carefully consider the challenges that impede organizational development. Therefore, meeting employees' needs requires providing them with modern technology and work methods, and implementing them accurately. The researcher relied on previous studies and the role of quality performance in quality control of production. Progress and development are impossible without adhering to quality standards for observation and improvement, and for addressing challenges. In our research, which we present to you, we have adopted a specific program and objective, avoiding anything that might weaken the study's impact. Quality has a defined program and goal because it incorporates a wide range of scientific techniques in its development. Its work is not limited to a single function, but rather offers broad and distinctive benefits to employees.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Selected Fish Species from the River Ganga in Bhojpur District, India
The study under consideration investigates the occurrence, distribution of heavy metal in the tissues, and potential health risks of heavy metal pollution in the selected freshwater fish species caught in the Bhojpur area of River Ganga, India. Pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons Three common species Labeo rohita, Catla catla and the carnivorous Channa punctatus were sampled. Muscle, liver, and gill tissues were analyzed by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the presence of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) after acid digestion. The results revealed that the metals under study were all found in all the species and tissues. The highest concentration was in Zinc and copper; Zn (approximately 48.1 mg/kg) and Cu (6.88 mg/kg) in liver samples, and mercury was relatively low (maximum 0.19 mg/kg). The tissue-wise accumulation confirmed the metabolic storage patterns which were liver > gills > muscle. The troic level of biomagnification was observed whereby carnivorous fish were found to have higher metal loads compared to herbivorous ones. The bioaccumulation factors obtained were 21-237 with the highest being zinc. The change of season indicated that the concentrations were a bit higher during the post-monsoon season, possibly because of surface run-offs and resuspension of sediments. Health risk assessment based on Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) showed that the majority of individual THQ values were less than unity, with cadmium having a THQ of approximately 1.12, and the cumulative HI of more than 4.0, indicating that there were long-term health risks to regular fish consumers. The work provides a quantitative baseline data of the bioaccumulation of heavy metal in the commercially valuable fish species of the River Ganga in the Bhojpur district and the need to have continuous environmental monitoring and pollution control measures to ensure the safety of aquatic life and health protection of the population.
The Needs and Feelings of Adolescents Growing Up in Families Affected by Labor Migration
The article describes why researchers from different fields have become interested in the phenomenon of migration, and also talks about the factors that cause labor migration. The article highlights the psychological characteristics of adolescents growing up in families affected by migration, and their specific needs for this period. The author presents conclusions and recommendations based on the results of his personal research.
Improving Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in The Public Services System as a Direction for The Development of Administrative and Legal Regulation
В статье анализируется модернизация досудебного урегулирования споров в сфере оказания государственных услуг в Республике Узбекистан. Особое внимание уделяется правовому эксперименту, инициированному Постановлением Президента № ПП-188 от 19 мая 2025 года, в рамках которого были созданы Апелляционные советы. Автор рассматривает эффективность деятельности данных советов на основе статистических данных (уровень удовлетворения жалоб составил 92,3%) и результатов социологического опроса 808 сотрудников центров государственных услуг. Выявлены системные барьеры, включая «регуляторный шок», обусловленный быстрыми изменениями законодательства, страх административной ответственности среди сотрудников, а также недостаточную прозрачность решений Апелляционных советов. В статье предлагаются рекомендации по институционализации Апелляционных советов в качестве органов превентивной юстиции, включая создание публичного «Кодекса административной практики» и внедрение систем поддержки принятия решений на основе искусственного интеллекта.
Structural and Semantic Models of Forms of Address in Arabic and English
Forms of address represent a complex linguistic phenomenon situated at the intersection of lexis, grammar, and semantics. This article examines the structural and semantic models of address forms in Arabic and English through a comparative lens. The study aims to identify dominant lexical types, grammatical patterns, and semantic mechanisms that shape address systems in both languages. The analysis demonstrates that Arabic exhibits a structurally layered and semantically marked address system characterized by lexical richness and grammatical explicitness, while English relies on structurally economical but pragmatically flexible models. The findings reveal that differences between the two languages are not merely formal but reflect distinct conceptualizations of social relations and interpersonal positioning.
A Business-Oriented Recommender System for Insurance Policy and Add-On Upselling Using Implicit Behavioral Data
Recommender systems are now important for making personalised product offers, but using them in the insurance industry is not easy. This study aims to develop a recommender engine suitable for real-world businesses. It will focus on recommending insurance policies and additional coverages to support effective upselling. We look at and compare several recommendation methods based on how well they predict, how hard they are to model, and how much work it takes to tune them to find a solution that is both balanced and scalable. Because there are no clear customer ratings and insurance data is highly sensitive, the proposed system relies on implicit behavioural signals and next-item prediction techniques. Some of the other problems solved were a lack of item diversity, a lack of interaction data, and the difficulty of using customer metadata due to concerns about randomness and bias. The study shows how to address implicit feedback while reducing bias from favouring popular products over less popular ones. The results show that carefully chosen recommendation strategies can deliver real business value while adhering to the rules and limitations that apply to data in the insurance industry.
Trade Unionsim, Asymmetrical Relations and Diverse Processes of Enslavement in Selected Organizations in Nigeria
The paper examines the intersections of trade unionism, asymmetrical power and modern enslavement to the oil and gas industry of Nigeria in the three oil and gas companies of strategic importance, i.e., Indorama Eleme Chemicals Limited (IECL), Dangote Refinery and Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC). In the formal organisations, the research investigates the character of labour flexibilisation, the reduced collective institutions and the dependency tactics as a control mechanism by the managerial control are exploitative employment relations based on the Marxist theory of labour exploitation and reliance on theory of power. It is a qualitative multiple-case study design that is analysed on the basis of secondary data, such as judicial decisions, compliance and appraisal reports, international labour documentation that were published from the year 2020-2025. The thematic analysis reveals that massive casualization and decentralization of the workforce, and low unionization increase power inequality and enable the application of coercive types of labour, which align with internationally defined signs of modern enslavement. The weak regulatory framework and job insecurity are a serious crippler to the ability to fight the issue of exploitation, whereas trade unions have become a place of resistance. The paper contributes to the literature on industrial relations by theorising the idea of modern slavery as a continuum of coercive labour relations internalised to extractive capitalism in the Global South and initiating the consequences of the labour regulation, union policy and the agendas of decent work.
Analysis of Socio-Economic Conditions of the Kondh Tribe
India has the second largest concentration of tribal population in the world next to Africa. According to Article 432 of the Constitution of India, the Scheduled Tribes (ST) refers to specific indigenous peoples whose status is acknowledged to some formal degree by appropriate national and state legislation. As per 2001 census, ST population was 84.3 million representing 8.2% of Indian population. A total of 461 ST groups have been identified, who are scattered throughout the length and breadth of the country (Singh 1994). There are 6 predominantly tribal states where more than 50% population is ST (Mizoram 94.8%, Nagaland 87.7%, Meghalaya 85.5%, Arunachal Pradesh 63.7%, Union Territories of Lakshadweep 93.2% and Dadra & Nagar Haveli 79.0%). More than half of ST population in the country is concentrated in the states of Madhya Pradesh (23.3%), Orissa (22.2%), Gujarat (14.9%), Assam (12.8%), Rajasthan (12.4%), Maharashtra (9.3%), Bihar (7.7%), Andhra Pradesh (6.3%) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (5.5%). Of the 461 scheduled tribes in India, Orissa has declared 62 tribal communities and 13 as primitive tribal groups (PTG). Dongrias,a major sect of the great Kondh tribe, mostly stay on high hills known as Dongar. The Dongria Kondh is one of the officially designated PTG in Orissa. They are the original inhabitants of Niyamgiri hilly region which extends to Rayagada, Koraput and Kalahandi districts of south Orissa. The Dongria population is confined to three community development blocks namely Bissam Cuttack and Munuguda of Gunpur sub-division and alyansinghpur Block of Rayagada sub-division. Dongria Kondhs have an estimated population of about 10,000 and are distributed in around 120 settlements, all at an altitude up to 5,000 feet above the sea-level.