Differential Diagnosis of Benign Cystic Formations in the Maxillofacial and Cervical Regions

Abstract

Benign cystic lesions of the soft tissues in the maxillofacial and cervical regions do not constitute a genetically uniform group. Some are congenital malformations resulting from embryonic developmental disturbances, such as dermoid cysts, median and lateral neck cysts, parotid region cysts, and tongue root cysts. Others are acquired, including retention cysts of the sebaceous glands (atheromas), traumatic cysts, and salivary gland cysts. While formations such as ranulas, major salivary gland cysts, and cystic changes in excretory ducts may occasionally have a congenital origin, they more commonly develop during the postembryonic period. The appearance of these cysts in adulthood is often associated with inflammatory complications or endocrine activity characteristic of this stage of life. These cysts typically exhibit slow growth. Comprehensive knowledge of their clinical presentation, combined with the application of modern diagnostic techniques, enables both maxillofacial surgeons in hospitals and dentists in outpatient settings to establish an accurate diagnosis and provide timely, specialized treatment. Such an approach contributes to shorter rehabilitation periods and improved patient outcomes.