Intersections of Faith and Culture: American Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies (2993-2599)
Intersections of Faith and Culture: American Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies welcomes scholarly articles grounded in strong theoretical frameworks and enriched with clear practical relevance. The journal emphasizes research that contributes to meaningful discussions on religion and culture, offering insights applicable to specialists and academics across diverse local and international contexts. By fostering interdisciplinary dialogue, the journal serves as a platform for advancing knowledge at the crossroads of faith, cultural identity, and contemporary societal issues. Intersections of Faith and Culture: American Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies(2993-2599 U.S ISSN Center) - aims to accommodate scientific writing of philosophical thought and empirical studies covering major fields, like religion and culture, as well as other fields including law, business, education, economics, fitness, yoga, health, health science, politics, technology, history, agriculture, environment, planetology, cosmology, quantum physics, amongst others social/natural sciences. AJRCS highly appreciates cross-sectoral or multidisciplinary thinking that can trigger the birth of innovation to change both social and cultural fields and lead to better civilization. AJRCS' archiving policy is following the PKP Preservation Network (PN). The PKP Preservation Network (PN) provides free preservation services for any OJS journal that meets a few basic criteria.
Children’s Choir Pedagogy: Methodological Principles and Psychological Foundations
This article explores methodological foundations of working with children’s choirs, emphasizing the integration of vocal technical training with psychological approaches, the protection of young voices, careful repertoire selection, and fostering emotional engagement among participants. Particular attention is given to the role of the choir class in art schools, where choral singing is combined with instrumental training. The choir class is highlighted as a crucial factor in developing auditory perception, musicality, and intonation skills in students. The study outlines the main requirements and vocal choral tasks that define the methodology of working with children’s choirs.
Healthy Lifestyle and Medical Culture: A Factor in Strengthening the Socio-Spiritual Environment in Neighborhoods
This article analyzes the importance of a healthy lifestyle and medical culture in stabilizing the socio-spiritual environment in neighborhoods. The article also considers the reforms being carried out in New Uzbekistan, positive changes in the healthcare system as an object of research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Intersections of Faith and Culture: American Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies (2993-2599)
Adi–Ahom Relations in Pre-Colonial Assam: A Historical and Historiographical Study
The historical relationship between the Adi tribes of the eastern Himalayan region and the Ahom kingdom of the Brahmaputra valley represents a long and complex frontier interaction shaped by geography, political organization, economic exchange, and military encounters. Far from being a simple narrative of conflict between a centralized state and stateless hill communities, Adi–Ahom relations evolved through cycles of warfare, negotiation, trade, and accommodation. This paper examines these relations from the thirteenth century until the advent of British colonial rule, drawing upon Ahom chronicles, colonial records, anthropological studies, and Adi oral traditions. It argues that the frontier between the Adis and the Ahoms functioned as a dynamic borderland where sovereignty was contested, negotiated, and mutually shaped rather than clearly defined. By foregrounding indigenous agency and questioning state-centric historiography, the paper seeks to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of Northeast Indian history.
Social Media as a Catalyst for Women Entrepreneurs: Exploring Indian Knowledge System in Relation to History, Painting and Sculpture with Special Reference to Assam
The social media in the contemporary society is thus becoming a requirement that can not be viewed merely in respect to communication and entertainment, but also as a form of empowerment particularly amongst women entrepreneurs. The paper examines the way the social media platform can help promote and grow businesses owned by the women of Assam to allow them reach larger markets both domestic and otherwise. The paper explains why the women will use their heritage as their source of opportunities and technology as their tool to create new entrepreneurial opportunities by examining the interlude between the modern digital instruments and being abreast of traditional knowledge systems. Social media as the transformative media, in this instance, makes women more visible, networking and economical in Assam (Singh, 2020). This is because the paper illuminates the entrepreneurial endeavors of the Assamese women in the overall cultural and historical context, which includes the artistic craft of painting and sculpture. The personal reflections of these entrepreneurs, their issues and emotions of people are comprehended using qualitative exploratory case study approach of the paper. Reconciliation of the past and the present knowledge systems in the art and history division with the modern business practices makes the research highlight how cultural identity and heritage can guide the new entrepreneurship in the state of Assam (Dutta, 2018). The strategy does not only emphasize the importance of social media in economic empowerment, the modern business customs have hidden meanings to the cultural continuity.
Gandhian Educational Idea and the Preservation of World Peace in the 21st Century
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was one of the leading thinkers, philosophers, and political leaders of the twentieth century. The scope of his thought was not confined merely to politics and economics. He also presented before the world a universal philosophy concerning holistic education and its underlying principles. Although Gandhi did not profound any separate ideological discourse exclusively on education, a comprehensive picture of his educational thought emerges from the book Towards New Education, published after his death. During his lifetime, apart from Hind Swaraj and My Experiments with Truth, Gandhi expressed detailed views on his educational ideas rooted in Indian ideals through numerous articles in the journals Young India and Harijan, which he edited. Gandhi broadly rejected Western, materialistic, machine-centered education and expressed complete faith in spiritual and basic education. The central objective of his educational philosophy was to establish a harmonious connection between the soul and the body. In the globalized international situation of the twenty-first century, excessive dependence on technology has led humanity towards extreme violence and conflict. With the expansion of the information revolution, mutual disrespect and violence among students have become a matter of serious concern for educationists. Violence within school and university campuses is no longer confined to developed Western nations; students in third-world countries like India are also increasingly involved in various forms of violent activities. No immediate solution to this deep crisis in global politics and education is clearly visible. UNESCO, in the preamble to its constitution, has presented a specific definition of peaceful education. According to this definition, education for peace is an organized acquisition of skills, achievable through the quality of education, ethics, competence, and values. In the contemporary Indian and global education system, which is largely value-less, mechanical, and competitive, the imparting of true moral, spiritual, and value-based education faces serious obstacles. In this fragmented and crisis-ridden educational environment, the relevance of Gandhian ideals is being strongly felt among educationists. This paper discusses in detail Gandhi’s educational philosophy as a means of preserving true peace within the technology-driven education system of the twenty-first century.
From Tradition to Reform: Ambedkar’s Reconstruction of Buddhist Thought
This paper critically examines the reinterpretation of Buddhism by B. R. Ambedkar and the socio-philosophical motivations underlying his conversion. Unlike conventional religious conversions motivated primarily by spiritual concerns, Ambedkar’s embrace of Buddhism was a deliberate ethical and political act of resistance against the caste system entrenched within Hinduism. Rejecting Hinduism for its sanction of hierarchical inequality, he sought a religious framework grounded in justice, rationality, and human dignity. Among various alternatives, Buddhism appealed to him because of its egalitarian ethos, ethical orientation, and compatibility with democratic ideals. However, Ambedkar did not accept traditional Buddhism uncritically. In The Buddha and His Dhamma, he questioned metaphysical doctrines such as karma, rebirth, and nirvana, offering instead socially engaged and rational interpretations. His reformulated tradition, known as Navayāna or the “New Way,” placed morality, social justice, and the empowerment of the marginalized at the center of Buddhist practice. He redefined dukkha (suffering) not as an individual existential condition, but as a manifestation of structural social and economic injustice. Similarly, Dhamma was interpreted not as ritual observance, but as an ethical path rooted in compassion, equality, and justice. The paper also analyzes the varied responses to Ambedkar’s reinterpretation. While traditionalist Buddhists regard Navayāna as a departure from canonical orthodoxy, many modern scholars and social activists view it as a necessary and contextually relevant reform. Ultimately, this study argues that Navayana represents a legitimate and philosophically grounded development within Buddhist thought, transforming Buddhism into a dynamic instrument for combating caste oppression, inequality, and injustice in modern India.
Copyright (c) 2024 Intersections of Faith and Culture: American Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies (2993-2599)
The International Stance on Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh's Movement and its Repercussions on Iran and the Region
In the early 1950s, Iran witnessed profound political transformations led by Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh, culminating in his project to nationalize Iranian oil in 1951. This decision triggered a severe international crisis and reshaped the balance of power in the Middle East amidst the escalating Cold War. International stances towards Mosaddegh's government varied. The United States adopted a cautious position and a tendency towards mediation during the administration of President Harry Truman. The Soviet Union also maintained a cautious stance, while some Third World countries expressed sympathy for the Iranian move, viewing it as a model for liberation from colonial domination.
GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS OF WORD COMBINATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC FEATURES
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the grammatical relations between the components of word combinations and their functional-semantic characteristics. Types of syntactic connections such as government, agreement, and adjacency are theoretically explained, and their role in speech is revealed. The possibilities of expressing meaning in word combinations, their semantic load, and the changes that arise depending on the context are substantiated with scientific examples. As a result of the research, the role of grammatical relations in the formation of meaning is clarified.
THE SYNTACTIC NATURE AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF WORD COMBINATIONS: WORD COMBINATION AS A UNIT OF SPEECH
This article theoretically examines the syntactic nature of word combinations, their place in the language system, and their distinguishing features compared to sentences. The structural models of word combinations, the relationship between head and dependent components, and the types of grammatical connections are analyzed through illustrative examples. In addition, simple and complex forms of word combinations and their usage characteristics in speech are demonstrated based on practical linguistic materials. The results of the research reveal the significance of word combinations as an independent syntactic unit.
relationship between head and dependent components
realization of word combinations in speech
THE PROBLEM OF MORAL IMMUNITY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF VIRTUALISTICS
This article provides a detailed analysis of the theoretical foundations of the concept of virtuality and the process of its historical formation. Within the conditions of the information society, the influence of virtual images and virtual reality on individual consciousness and social thinking is examined from a scientific-theoretical perspective. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of moral norms among young people, changes occurring within the system of values, and the role of virtual space in moral thinking within contemporary philosophy. The article also develops scientific proposals aimed at guiding the activities of y
Institutional Capacities of the Mahalla Institution in the Formation of Civil Society in New Uzbekistan
This article examines the philosophical essence of the mahalla as a civil institution in the context of New Uzbekistan, focusing on its social ontology, axiological foundations, and praxeological functions in the process of civil society formation. The study conceptualizes the mahalla not merely as a traditional community structure, but as a complex socio-philosophical phenomenon that embodies mechanisms of local self-organization, collective responsibility, and normative regulation within society. Particular attention is devoted to analyzing the interrelation between the mahalla institution and key contemporary socio-philosophical categories, including social identification, social capital, and civic participation. The analysis demonstrates that within the framework of the ongoing socio-political transformations in New Uzbekistan, the mahalla functions as an important mediating institution that facilitates the interaction between the state and society, while simultaneously reinforcing the cultural and moral foundations of communal life. Consequently, the mahalla institution is theoretically substantiated as not only a historically rooted social structure but also as a significant socio-philosophical mechanism that contributes to the sustainable development of civil society institutions and the consolidation of the spiritual and ethical stability of society.
THE COMMUNICATIVE AND SPIRITUAL FUNCTIONS OF READING CULTURE IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
This article analyzes the role of the culture of reading (mutolaa) in the personal and social development of modern individuals from philosophical and pedagogical perspectives. Communication is considered not only as a means of acquiring knowledge but also as a complex cultural phenomenon that stimulates processes of free thinking and creative reflection. The culture of communication becomes more socialized through reading culture and represents a complex cultural process that emerges in social life after the initial stage of literacy. Through various sources and scientific methods of cognition, individuals strive to understand the world in which they live. Communication and its various forms are scientifically analyzed in this article.
INTERPRETATION OF ALISHER NAVOI’S LITERARY HERITAGE IN AZERBAIJANI LITERARY STUDIES
This article examines the interpretation and scholarly study of Alisher Navoi’s literary heritage within the framework of Azerbaijani literary studies. It also highlights the place of Alisher Navoi’s творчество in the context of Azerbaijani–Uzbek literary relations and demonstrates its significance in the continuity of Turkic literary traditions.
TRADITION–INNOVATION DIALECTICS AND POETIC EXPERIMENTS IN WANG GUOWEI’S POETRY
The article examines the legacy of Wang Guowei, whose ideas produced a paradigmatic shift in Chinese literary and aesthetic thought in the early twentieth century. Emphasizing his integrative synthesis of classical Eastern philology with Western philosophy and aesthetics, the author highlights Wang’s view of literature’s intrinsic aesthetic value as primary and his critique of political didactic interpretations. The concept of jingjie (境界) is interpreted as the creation of a poem’s artistic world through the organic unity of emotion and landscape. In the traditional ci (词) genre, the “barrier” of ge (隔), arising from historical allusions and symbolism that distance the reader from the text, is explained with examples. The paper also theorizes the principles of “self” and “selflessness” in poetic perception and generalizes the criteria of emotional realism. As a result, this approach is shown to redirect Chinese poetics from a didactic model toward a philosophical aesthetic paradigm, providing a methodological foundation for modern literary studies and new poetry theories.
Challenges Facing the Expansion of Total Quality Management Work in Evaluating Information Systems and the Role of Employees as a Mediator
We did not focus on a specific aspect but rather on the overall comprehensiveness of this research, clarifying the continuous performance of all Total Quality Management (TQM) duties and the ability to monitor and identify the types of variables occurring in Information Systems (IS). A detailed explanation of the importance and duties Individual (IN) as a mediator was also provided. Consideration should be given to achieving optimal performance, as well as addressing any gaps that might emerge during the research, as these would weaken and diminish its significance and effectiveness. The skills and creativity of (IN) should be emphasized repeatedly, along with the necessity of providing them with training and technical expertise as key avenues for professional development. Those individuals we have identified possess creativity over time. It is a mistake to disregard the effectiveness of individual creativity as a mediator between the various types of variables present. One hundred and fifty (150) employees from Al-Muthanna University were selected; however, we were able to obtain 142 different types of responses to the questionnaire. At the same time, eight (8) responses were found to be missing or impractical. The Likert scale (7) was used as the basis for preparing the questionnaire using) SPSS (system. All three hypotheses were within the required parameters, positive.
The Methodological Essence and Content of the Concept of Cultural Development
This article examines the methodological essence and substantive content of the concept of “cultural development” in contemporary social and humanitarian sciences. Cultural development is interpreted as a complex social process that reflects qualitative transformations in the spiritual life of society. The paper elucidates its key dimensions, including the transformation of values, the development of social consciousness, the growth of knowledge and educational attainment, the expansion of creative potential, the stability of cultural institutions, and the strengthening of intercultural communication.The study provides a substantive justification of the systemic, historical, institutional, and axiological approaches to the study of cultural development and demonstrates their analytical potential. It is concluded that analyzing cultural development on a comprehensive methodological basis contributes to a deeper understanding of the moral criteria of social progress and supports the improvement of cultural policy as well as educational and critical-reflective thinking practices.
International Cooperation and Humanitarian Assistance in the Healthcare System in the Zarafshan Oasis, 1998–2005
This article analyzes the development of the sector based on international cooperation and humanitarian assistance implemented in the Zarafshan oasis (on the example of Bukhara and Navoi regions) within the framework of the reform of the healthcare system of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1998–2005. The article provides evidence that the material and technical assistance provided by the world community has led to an increase in the quality of medical services in the regions, a decrease in diseases, and positive changes in the health of the population. International organizations, foreign countries, grants and in-kind assistance have made a significant contribution to the modernization of the healthcare sector.
Total Quality Management Practices and Their Impact on Electronic Transactions: A Case Study at the Iraqi National Oil Company/Baghdad
This research demonstrated the in impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) and its dimensions of Leadership (LE) and Empowerment (EM), as well as its prominent role in Electronic Transactions (ET) and its dimensions of Design (DE) and Integration (IN). We reviewed all previous studies related to the topic. We identified several types of employees at the Central Oil Company/Iraq. The questionnaire was distributed to 180 employees. Despite efforts to collect data, (9) were lost and (171) were found to be valid. The results were analyzed using SPSS, and all (4) hypotheses were positive. We strongly urge organizations to take full advantage of this valuable research, which will give them a competitive edge. This research will significantly improve the lives of their employees by creating a more positive work environment.
The Socio-Spiritual Foundations of Shaping National Values in Students Based on a Culture of Reading
This article analyzes the socio-spiritual foundations of the formation of national values in students through a reading culture. In addition, the article also provides recommendations for strengthening national values at the social level.
Features of Shakespearean Sonnets in the poems of Saadi Youssef
The sonnet, as invented by the Italians through Lentino and more closely associated with Petrarch, means in its original Italian-European form a "short song." By "song" here, we mean a concentrated, distilled, and specific form; it is an internal song of the soul, a flowing whisper, a revelation undisturbed by the noise of an external voice. Just as the sonnet was associated with Petrarch in Italy, it was associated with Shakespeare in England, although it was first brought by English poets in the sixteenth century. However, Shakespeare's sonnets, written at the end of that century, were essentially a tradition of writing, based on a single, specific feeling, with the idea being revealed or closed as a conclusion in the last two lines. In fact, the precursors of the sonnet in Arabic and Eastern poetry in general can be discerned in the lyrical pieces of Andalusian poets. Moreover, attempts at the structural formation of the sonnet in relatively later periods of Arabic poetry are present.
The Role of Folklore Ensembles in Preserving and Promoting Local Oral Traditions
In particular, folklore ensembles, where they perform, act as the most alive ceremonial mantles of the cultural heritage. It examines their important place in Uzbekistan–where vocal and folkloric dance ensembles keep oral traditions alive and vibrant via song and narrative. Based on historical, ethnographic, and contemporary sources, the study brings out how these groups retain ancient forms of makom and epic recitation yet evolve by shifting into modern contexts. The results highlight the importance of the ensembles in terms of cultural identity, education, and global recognition, and the need for ongoing efforts to conserve them.
Truth-Value Gaps and the Prosperity Gospel: A Kripkean Possible-Worlds Semantics
This study investigates the intersection of truth-value gaps, modal logic, and the Nigerian Prosperity Gospel, focusing on how semantically indeterminate propositions emerge within faith-based discourse. Truth-value gaps, arising where bivalence fails, are traced from Aristotle’s future contingents to Frege’s sense-reference distinction and Strawson’s presuppositional analysis, demonstrating that propositions may lack truth-values without being meaningless. Kripke’s possible-worlds semantics further illuminates how necessity, possibility, and reference operate across accessible worlds, providing a formal framework to analyze religious assertions insulated from empirical falsification. Methodologically, the study employs qualitative approach rooted in analytic philosophy and formal propositional logic, exemplified through the SEMANTIC model, which formalizes seed-faith claims as a fixed conditional, , exposing auxiliary spiritual presuppositions and enabling classical truth-functional evaluation. The analysis reveals that Prosperity Gospel statements, such as “I am blessed” or “Your miracle is coming,” occupy truth-value gaps when empirical reality fails to instantiate promised outcomes. These gaps are maintained through counterfactual faith-states, deferred fulfillment, and semantic flexibility, demonstrating a modal displacement of actuality by the faith-world (). By constructing a complete truth table for , the SEMANTIC model shows that only one precise configuration renders the conditional false, thereby restoring logical clarity to rhetorically elastic claims. The study contributes to knowledge by demonstrating that philosophical semantics can critically assess religious language without undermining belief, revealing how linguistic structures sustain hope while obscuring accountability. This inquiry underscores the ethical and cognitive stakes of semantic transparency, offering a framework for understanding the interplay between faith, language, and socio-economic realities.
Voices from the Edge: Literature of Marginalized Communities
Literature has been a powerful tool whereby societies have captured experiences, values and history. But the voices of the marginalized communities who are characterized by caste, race, gender, class, ethnicity, and indigeneity have all been missing throughout the centuries in the mainstream literary canon. The book The Voices from the Edge: Literature of Marginalized Communities explores how literature created by oppressed groups of people in society challenges this historical silence and reclaims the authority of narrative. This research places the marginalized literature not just as an expression of suffering but as a narrative of resistance and self-improvement and cultural survival. This paper will maintain that marginalized literature is essential in challenging the hegemonic power systems and reinventing identity. Based on theoretical perspectives of subaltern studies, post-colonial criticism and intersectional thinking, the work focuses on how the marginalized writers of the world have turned around their own and their group experiences of being pushed to the sidelines to create a form of political and cultural resistance. Since people often pose questions as to whether the subaltern can speak or not, peripheral literature proves that the subaltern does not merely speak but also creates the language, the form, and the meaning of literary utterance. The paper also follows the historical development of marginalized writing, starting with oral history and folk narratives that held the memory of the community, progressing in the colonial and post-colonial protest writing, and finally moving to present-day writings that receive visibility through translation and digital networks. Particular focus is placed on some of the recurrent themes, including identity development, struggle with systemic oppression, trauma and memory, and the use of the vernacular language as a tool of cultural assertion. These themes demonstrate the way in which marginalized literature challenges those representations and provides other worldviews based on lived experience. Using selective textual citations, the paper shows how authors with marginalized backgrounds use autobiography, poetry, and fiction to unveil social injustices and reclaim the dignity. As an example, Dalit life fiction like Joothan of Dalit hero, Omprakash Valmiki gives the reader the firsthand experience of the discrimination of the caste system where the mainstream portrays social harmony in a sanitized perspective (Valmiki, 2003) . These texts challenge the hierarchies within literature by foreshadowing authenticity as opposed to aesthetic elitism and by asserting that lived experience is an acceptable source of knowledge. The wider contribution of marginalized literature in the society and academia is also discussed in the article. These works suggest the inclusion of literature and promote empathy among the readers through the expansion of the literary canon. Meanwhile, marginalized writers still have to struggle with such issues as poor access to publishing, language marginalization, and cultural appropriation. Though these challenges exist, the increasing acknowledgement of marginalized literature is a indication of a great turn towards the democratisation of the literary spaces.
Borders and Belonging: Narratives of Diaspora and Displacement
Diaspora/displacement has become characteristics of our modern times, and it has not only produced some impact on migration patterns, but also on the forms of cultural representation and the literary imagination. Diasporic narratives in English literature take center stage through giving voice to people and groups that are situated in marginal areas between countries, cultures, and identities. Borders and Belonging: Narratives of Diaspora and Displacement challenges the articulation of diasporic texts in making the emotional, psychological and cultural effects of migration, including the shifting sense of identity, home and belonging. Instead of viewing migration as an act of departure, this article describes diaspora as a constant state of functioning characterized by negotiation, memory, and the transformation. Diasporic literature is often the result of rupture, i.e. the loss of homeland, the loss of accustomed systems of culture, and the face-to-face confrontation with new social environments. These experiences foster a lasting sense of in-betweenness where people are neither fixed nor yet completely absorbed in the past and the present. The cultural identity as formulated by Stuart Hall is invaluable in obtaining this state. Hall argues that identity is not predetermined and imperative but it is produced and reproduced via the historical experience, representation and difference (Hall, 1993). As a result, identity in the diasporic is depicted as a process of becoming, which is formed through the migration, memory, and cultural exchange, but not the singular national or ethnic origin. The paper also delves into the way displacement is both a source of alienation and a landscape of creative potential. In literature, time and again we see migrants struggling with their sense of displacement, nostalgia and cultural displacement. The memories of the homeland are usually romanticised and create an emotional conflict between the past and the present. But it is also through these stories that displacement opens up new modes of belonging that go beyond the hard-line national boundaries. Diasporic subjects create meaning and agency in new contexts through language, telling stories, and cultural hybridity. These representations can be analyzed with a great help of postcolonial theory. The concept of hybridity and the so-called Third Space put forward by Homi K.Bhabha explains why the emergence of diasporic identities is possible due to the encounter of various cultures instead of assimilation or cultural fragmentation. The current diaspora writing shows the manner in which migrants are able to mediate the cultures that prevail and yet retain some aspect of their ancestral culture hence creating hybrid identities that do not deprive them of rigid identities. According to Madli (2025), the literature of the Diaspora reflects this hybridism as it presents diaspora as not a state of trauma only but a changing state that creates new forms of culture and understanding.
The Philadelphia Plan (1969 AD): The Historical Roots of Affirmative Action Policies in the United States of America
The Philadelphia Plan of 1969 was an important milestone in the development of affirmative action policies in the US. The plan was an expression of the federal government’s dedication to ending racial discrimination in the US labor force. The plan was a product of the convergence of civil rights movements, government policies, and labor market conditions. The plan was a significant development in affirmative action policies as it institutionalized affirmative action policies in the US. The paper will discuss the historical antecedents of affirmative action policies from the New Deal to the Great Society. The paper will also discuss the role of various presidential administrations in developing affirmative action policies in the US. The various presidential administrations that will be discussed in this paper are those of F.D. Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower, J.F. Kennedy, L.B. Johnson, Nixon, and others. The historical institutionalist approach will be used in this paper to understand the development of the Revised Philadelphia Plan. Other sources used in this paper will include executive orders, labor statistics, Congressional debates, and scholarly analyses. The paper will also show that the plan was developed with an objective to integrate African American laborers with their white counterparts without replacing the existing workforce. According to labor statistics from 1963 to 1969, African American unemployment was almost double that of whites. These findings show that although the Revised Philadelphia Plan faced resistance, had little employment benefits, and was not successful, it was an early affirmative action policy by the president that had a significant impact on many other policies in fifty-six cities in the United States. The Philadelphia Plan was a federal contracting policy that utilized the federal contracting power to enforce civil rights policies, which has been an important part of affirmative action policies. It can clearly be determined that the Philadelphia Plan was an important strategy aimed at solving many of the issues affecting African Americans, especially when considering employment, the civil rights movement, and other important aspects affecting the United States. Moreover, it can clearly be determined that the policy offered an important guideline for the formulation of affirmative action policies aimed at solving the issue of employment, equality, and social justice, among others.
Study of Tantrik Lokachara in Jagannath Culture
The article reflects on the Tatntrik Lokachara as prevalent in the worship of Hindu Deities in the Jagannath Culture. The study argues that both the Aryas and the Anaryas follow the various forms of ‘Tantrik’ rituals in performing their pujas. There are three prescribed ways of performing pujas in Hindu Deities, i.e ‘Nigam,’ ‘Agam’and ‘Lokachara’. ‘Nigam’ is considered as very pious form of Hindu Vedic rituals, whereas ‘Agam’ is associated with Tantrik system and Lokachara is the union of both the system. The study analyzes that the mode of upasana or worship of Lord Jagannath is unique and mysterious. The paper unearths that as this Adivasi Deity is purely associated with ‘Sabari Tantra’, the tantrik rituals are closely associated with Jagannath upasana along with karmakanda parampara. This Karmakanda is connected with Agam, which mainly associated with Japa, Tapa and Yagna. Whereas Agam rituals are guided by Jantra, Tantra and Mantra. Hence, Lord Jagannath is considered as the Tantrik Debata. His ‘Ratna Vedi’is on the ‘Sri Yantra’. Apart from that, lord Jagannath is also popularly known as Dakshinakalika due to his Feminine attire. Tantra aims at transforming every action into reality. So, Prabhu Jagannath has a Kriya shakti ‘Bimala’ which is known as ‘Hladini Shati.’ The moving lord is nothing without Shakti. So, Lord Jagannath is considered as Peetheswara and Maa Bimala is Peetheswari. The research reveals that Panchamakara Upasana is one of the Tantric rituals of Lord Jagannath cult. As Odisha was a great ‘Uddiyan Kshetra’ and Shakti Upasana is strongly associated with this, Feminine Shakti commands as much respect as does Lord Vishnu or Lord Shiva. The study highlights that this is the only Kshetra where Lord Jagannath is worshipped as Bhairav who is the union of both Kala and Mahakali Swarupa. Thus, the article by shedding light on the synthesis of Arjya and Anarjya Paramparas in Jagannath cult contributes to the religious and cultural awareness of people for a harmonious coexistence in the society.
Conditions for the Emergency Movement (In the Example of the Fergana Valley)
The article discusses the Jadid movement's promotion of public enlightenment, the main goal of the movement, the history of the Jadid movement in the Fergana Valley, Ismailbek Gaspirali, Ishaqkhan Ibrat, Ashurali Zohiri and Saidahmad Siddiqi Ajzi, the fact that Ishaqkhan Ibrat was not limited to the sciences taught by the madrasa, that he independently and diligently read the works of great Eastern scholars during his studies, and that Ishaqkhan Ibrat lived in central European cities such as Istanbul, Sofia, Athens and Rome, as well as in large cities such as Kabul in Afghanistan and Jeddah in Arabia, based on the analysis of primary documents.
Abdug'aniyev Ma'murjon Muhammadjon o'g'li
Reflections on the Development of the Press in Khorezm During the Years of Independence
Today, information is considered the main driving force of human society. The press serves as the primary carrier and guiding instrument of this force. Indeed, information enters society, takes shape, and becomes embedded in public consciousness precisely through the press. This article presents reflections on the process of development of the press in the Khorezm region during the years of independence.
The Role of Religious Culture in Strengthening Social Cohesion in Contemporary Society
Religious culture has long been recognized as an influential social phenomenon shaping moral values, collective identity, and patterns of social interaction. In contemporary societies characterized by globalization, cultural pluralism, and social transformation, maintaining social cohesion has become an increasingly complex challenge. This article explores the role of religious culture in strengthening social cohesion by examining its moral, cultural, and social functions. Employing a qualitative methodology based on document analysis and comparative literature review, the study analyzes scholarly perspectives on religion as a cultural system contributing to social solidarity, tolerance, and communal integration. The findings demonstrate that religious culture continues to function as a significant source of shared values, ethical norms, and social trust. The article argues that, when interpreted inclusively and integrated within broader cultural frameworks, religious culture can positively contribute to social cohesion without contradicting secular principles. The study concludes by highlighting the need for further empirical research into the interaction between religious culture and social cohesion in diverse societal contexts.
Article Review: Studies of Political Systems and Their Reflections on the Current Situation in Iraq
It is evident to all the extent of the importance of studies in political systems as an academic specialization, in providing and enriching knowledge for the Iraqi politician, since these studies are derived from reality and are based on a purely academic methodology, documented through rigorous studies and precise scientific findings. What grants the researcher in political affairs an appropriate intellectual framework is the ability to address unresolved issues in history that some attempt to calculate in isolation, without linking them to other related issues. Today, we seek to identify common ground and to avoid being drawn into self-evident assumptions that occupy a wide space in the escalating political conflict, which in turn emerged within the divided Iraqi society after 2003. This represents an imbalance in the balance of power and a sense of suspicion among other components, which the 2005 Constitution attempted to define indirectly. Methodology and historical determinism thus formed an intense cultural conflict between one side and another, and the political arena became engulfed in a fierce, unrelenting struggle. Political currents confronted one another, each according to its size, and political components emerged aligning themselves with their respective currents and blocs, while researchers found it difficult to identify logical alternatives capable of either mobilizing the street or calming its conflicts. Therefore, we do not stand idly by in the face of overlapping arenas, nor do we allow conflicts—even virtual ones on the internet—to persist. We may record the strengths and weaknesses of one component or another. The country became divided into two camps, with each side considering itself to be right. Ideas and cultures slipped into a state of permanent conflict, which became evident in elections where each component stood with its own, excluding others, recording record numbers in the lexicons of the unconscious. Collective reasoning operated in a rigid manner, attempting to secure a foothold in decisive issues, moreover, the masses were provoked by certain sectarian terms, which one side or another perceived as attempts to undermine it, with each interpreting them as directed against itself and its component. Consequently, the following terms were used in a way that allowed Iraqi politicians to exploit them in their daily dealings, investing them in the worst as follows; Quota-based power sharing was first adopted, and then this term was refined into notions such as partnership, consensus, and balance. Yet, after all this, it entrenched the abhorrent concept of sectarianism. This emerged as a reaction to an authoritarian, totalitarian, and dictatorial regime that divided a single people and fragmented them according to sectarian and regional loyalties. What further compounded the problem was the system that came after 2003, which institutionalized this concept, immersed itself in it, and even took satisfaction in it. Accordingly, the presidencies were distributed on the basis of a sectarian constitutional custom: the President to be Kurdish, the Prime Minister Shiite, and the Speaker of Parliament Sunni, this arrangement extended to all positions within the Iraqi state, reaching even service-level employees. This constitutional custom, although not written into the constitution, had previously been practiced in Lebanon and was later embodied in Iraq. What becomes evident from all this is that any group that had been deprived and whose freedom had been suppressed began to exercise its freedom on a wider scale, Shiites, who had been deprived of practicing their rituals, reclaimed—under the new system of governance—their path toward freedom as a result of the sectarian repression they had endured. The Kurds likewise began to practice their national rituals and to express their national identity openly and explicitly.
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