American Journal of Pediatric Medicine and Health Sciences (2993-2149)
American Journal of Pediatric Medicine and Health Sciences (2993-2149) under U.S. ISSN Center - is an international, open-access, peer-reviewed online journal covering all aspects of the diagnosis, management, and prevention of disorders specific to children and adolescents, including pediatric oncology, pediatric cardiology, pediatric critical care, pediatric endocrinology, pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition, pediatric hematology and hematological malignancies, obstetric and pediatric pharmacology, pediatric immunology, pediatric infectious diseases, pediatric nephrology, pediatric neurology, pediatric orthopedics, pediatric otolaryngology, pediatric pulmonology, pediatric surgery, pediatric urology and etc.
Cycades of The Family Cicadellidae, Genus Kyboasca Modern Pests of Cotton
The article presents the results of the study of cotton field pests from the Cicadellidae family, genus Kyboasca, species composition, harmfulness, nature of damage caused, natural enemies and recommends modern control measures. The issues of working out mathematical models of cicadas’ development and spread, built based on the populations specifics, the nature of their reactions to environmental factors, which makes it possible to model and effectively manage them, are considered.
Health-Promoting Principles of Conducting Sports Training with Children with Musculoskeletal Disorders
The article is devoted to the differentiated approaches to the training process and rehabilitation methods for musculoskeletal disorders in young athletes by means of therapeutic physical training.
Risk Factors Associated With Pelvic Organ Prolapse In Women Of Reproductive And Perimenopausal Age
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition that significantly affects women's quality of life. This study aimed to identify the main risk factors associated with POP through clinical and anamnestic analysis. A total of 130 women were examined, including 90 patients with prolapse symptoms and 40 healthy controls. The analysis demonstrated that heavy physical labor, obesity, high parity, short interpregnancy intervals, early age at first delivery, complicated vaginal deliveries, and increased fetal birth weight were significantly associated with POP development. Chronic respiratory diseases, connective tissue disorders, varicose veins, and hernia were also more prevalent among women with prolapse. Logistic regression analysis indicated that fetal birth weight greater than 3500 g was an important predictor of prolapse. Early identification of these risk factors may contribute to improved prevention, timely diagnosis, and reduction of disease progression.
Hygiene and Sanitation Practices and Their Association with Health Outcomes among Residents of Informal Settlements in Ibadan, Nigeria
Introduction: Inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions remain major drivers of preventable infectious diseases in urban informal settlements. Residents of such environments are disproportionately exposed to waterborne diseases due to poor infrastructure and suboptimal hygiene practices. This study assessed hygiene and sanitation practices and their association with health outcomes among residents of informal settlements in Ibadan, Nigeria. Aim: The study aimed to examine WASH practices and determine their relationship with health outcomes among households in selected informal settlements in Ibadan. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional design was employed among households in informal settlements. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, water access and treatment practices, sanitation facilities, environmental hygiene conditions, and self-reported health outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables, while chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess associations between WASH practices and health outcomes at p < 0.05 significance level. Results: A substantial proportion of respondents relied on unimproved water sources, shared sanitation facilities, and inadequately managed environmental conditions. Poor WASH practices were significantly associated with higher health risk. Use of unimproved water sources (p = 0.006), lack of water treatment (p < 0.001), unsafe water storage (p = 0.002), unimproved sanitation facilities (p < 0.001), and poor environmental hygiene indicators such as blocked drainage and stagnant water (p < 0.01) were all significantly associated with adverse health outcomes. Multivariate analysis further identified knowledge level and housing conditions as key predictors of health risk, while better housing type was protective. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that inadequate WASH conditions significantly increase health risks among residents of informal settlements in Ibadan. Addressing these challenges requires integrated interventions combining improvements in water supply, sanitation infrastructure, and environmental management alongside sustained hygiene promotion. Structural investment, rather than behavior change alone, is essential for reducing the burden of waterborne diseases in urban informal settlements.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Pediatric Medicine and Health Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perioperative Complications Associated with Spinal Versus General Anesthesia in Adult Surgical Patients: A Comparative Study
Spinal and general anesthesia are common methods of adult surgical patients, and each is characterized by unique physiological effects and complication rates. To maximize the outcomes of perioperative conditions, it is necessary to understand their relative safety. The purpose of the study is to compare the complications during the perioperative period between general and spinal anesthesia in adult patients undergoing elective surgery. Prospective comparative study was done at Al-Salam Teaching Hospital involving 100 patients aged 1865 years (ASA I-III). Patients were divided into two groups (spinal anesthesia n = 50 and general anesthesia n = 50). Intraoperative hemodynamics and perioperative complications such as: hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory complications, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), headache, and urinary retention had to be noted and analyzed. There were similar baseline characteristics across groups (p > 0.05). The rates of hypotension (40% vs. 20; p = 0.03) and bradycardia (25% vs. 10; p = 0.04) were higher in the spinal anesthesia group. Conversely, general anesthesia experienced considerably more respiratory problems (18% vs. 4%; p = 0.02) and PONV (35% vs. 15%; p = 0.02). Post-dural puncture headache (18% vs. 5%; p = 0.04) and urinary retention (22% vs. 10%; p = 0.05) were more frequent in the spinal group. The rates of overall complications were similar in groups (p > 0.05). There are varying perioperative complication profiles in spinal and general anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia is more prone to the occurrence of hemodynamic instability and less prone to respiratory complications, but general anesthesia is prone to higher PONV and respiratory risks. The decision on anesthetic method must be personalized in regard to the patient's features and the operation's needs.
Modern Aspects of Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatic Echinococcosis in Children
A retrospective analysis of diagnostic and treatment outcomes was performed in 21 children with hepatic echinococcosis treated between 2015 and 2026. The patients were aged 4 to 16 years. All children underwent ultrasonography, multislice computed tomography (MSCT), laboratory and serological investigations. All patients received surgical treatment combined with antiparasitic therapy using albendazole. Boys predominated among the examined patients — 14 (66.7%), while girls accounted for 7 (33.3%). Solitary hepatic hydatid cysts were identified in 17 (81.0%) children, while two cysts were detected in 4 (19.0%) patients. Concomitant pulmonary echinococcosis was diagnosed in 4 (19.0%) children. The postoperative period was uneventful in 18 (85.7%) patients. Complications developed in 3 (14.3%) children.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Pediatric Medicine and Health Sciences (2993-2149)
Hybrid CNN-VIT Model for Automated Multi-Stage Malaria Parasite Classification in Microscopy Images
The diagnosis of malaria continues to be a big problem for treatment and surveillance of the disease in a timely manner, especially in places with limited resources where there are no expert microscopists. In this research, a new method that uses deep learning is presented combining EfficientNetB0-based convolutional neural network (CNN) with a Vision Transformer (ViT) in a very effective way to the automatic multi-stage malaria parasite classification from blood smear microscopy images. The local morphological features are extracted hierarchically by the CNN component, whereas the global spatial relationships and the long-range contextual dependencies within the infected cells are modeled by the ViT module enabling the improvement in the discrimination of the visually similar parasite stages. To increase the model’s generalization between the different datasets and staining variabilities to even further extent, contrastive self-supervised learning (CSSL) has been integrated during the model training alongside morphology-aware data augmentation, so that the model can learn feature representations that are stage-consistent and stain-invariant. The results of the experiments reveal that the hybrid CNN–ViT model is a better performer than conventional deep learning architectures by a large margin, thus attaining 99.1% accuracy, 98.9% precision, 99.0% recall, and an F1-score of 98.9% on the validation set. These results underscore the integration of convolutional feature extraction and transformer-based global attention in the automation of malaria parasite analysis and point out that the proposed framework provides a trustworthy and scalable alternative to manual microscopy in clinical and field settings.
The Role of Tumor Markers in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Oncological Diseases
Tumor markers are defined as biochemistry substances produced by the malignant cells or by the host responsive for the neoplastic processes. These can be found in a number of biological samples, such as blood, urine, and tissues. The current review is a reassessment of a variety of tumor markers (AFP, PSA, CEA, CA 125, CA 19-9, HER2/neu, CA 15-3 and beta-hCG) used in laboratory oncology diagnosis and their clinical usefulness. When studying 127 studies involving ~284,500 patients, no single marker was found to be sufficiently sensitive and specific for independent diagnosis of cancer. The use of combination diagnostic algorithms (ROMA and PHI) led to significant improvements in diagnostic performance with AUC range between 0.88 and 0.96. New liquid biopsy methods using circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) also have proven high sensitivity in various cancer types. When combined with imaging techniques and a multi-disciplinary clinical evaluation, tumor markers will continue to play a crucial role in the monitoring of therapy, in the assessment of prognosis, and in the detection of recurrence.
Exploring Hiv Risk Perception, Sexual Behaviors, and Condom Utilization Among Youth in Saki West, Oyo State, Nigeria
HIV remains a major public health concern among young people in sub-Saharan Africa, with risky sexual behaviours and low risk perception contributing significantly to new infections despite high levels of awareness. This study assessed HIV risk perception, sexual behaviours, and condom utilization among youth in Saki West, Oyo State, Nigeria. A community-based cross-sectional study design was used among 400 respondents aged 15–24 years selected through multistage sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression at a 95% confidence level. Findings showed that 69.0% of respondents were sexually active, with 35.5% reporting early sexual debut. Multiple sexual partnerships (30.1%), inconsistent condom use (59.3%), and low condom use at last sexual intercourse (25.3%) were common. Although 84.5% had correct knowledge of HIV, 74.0% perceived themselves to be at low risk, and 60.0% reported no worry about HIV infection. Marital status, education level, schooling status, income level, and condom use were significant predictors of sexual risk behaviour (p < 0.05). There is a clear gap between HIV knowledge, risk perception, and sexual behaviour among youth in Saki West. Sexual risk behaviors are largely influenced by socio-economic and behavioral factors rather than knowledge alone.
Strategic Importance and Prospects of Remote Monitoring of Chronic Diseases Via Telemedicine
This article analyzes the role of Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) systems in managing chronic diseases (cardiovascular, diabetes, COPD). The strategic importance, economic benefits, and impact on patient quality of life of telemedicine technologies in improving the efficiency of the healthcare system are examined. The research findings statistically prove the role of RPM systems in reducing hospitalization rates.
Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance: Patterns, Drivers, and Strategic Responses to a Growing Public Health Threat
Antibiotic resistance act as a crucial fast-growing medical threat to worldwide health, which erases medical achievements from past decades. Antibiotic resistance occurs because bacteria develop protective mechanisms that disable antibiotic treatments, which subsequently results in premature disease fatalities. Each year antibiotic resistance causes more deaths than HIV/AIDS and malaria combined because it results in 1.27 million worldwide fatalities from resistant infections. Antibiotic-resistant pathogens contribute to more than 2.8 million annual infections together with 35,000 yearly deaths across the United States as well as other nations with high income. The article delivers an extensive analysis of antibiotic resistance worldwide, which includes information about regional patterns and root causes together with key bacterial species. Comprehensive knowledge about the depth and intricacy of resistance as a global health issue enables similar worldwide efforts to reduce resistance while safeguarding public health and maintaining the effectiveness of present and future antimicrobial drugs. In the end, urgent global collaboration is essential to reverse this alarming trend.
Modern Methods for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Uterine Scar After Cesarean Section
Timely evaluation of the uterine scar after cesarean section plays a crucial role in preventing both obstetric and gynecological complications. Over the past decades, the rate of cesarean delivery has been steadily increasing worldwide, leading to a growing number of women with a uterine scar. This makes accurate assessment of its condition highly relevant in everyday clinical practice. This review discusses current approaches to evaluating the uterine scar, focusing on both instrumental and clinical methods. Particular attention is given to ultrasound, sonohysterography, hysteroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as to the importance of early diagnosis and postoperative monitoring of healing processes. In routine practice, transvaginal ultrasound remains one of the most practical and informative tools, allowing detailed assessment of residual myometrial thickness and scar morphology. At the same time, modern approaches increasingly emphasize dynamic follow-up and the use of combined diagnostic strategies that integrate clinical findings, imaging results, and patient-related risk factors. Such an approach improves diagnostic accuracy and helps optimize patient management.
Hyperoxaluria and Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria, Development Mechanisms and Correction Possibilities
The article presents modern ideas of hyperoxaluria and oxalate-calcium crystaluria. Oxalic acid metabolism is investigated in normal and the main risk factors for hyperoxalaturia are considered. The clinical symptoms and diagnosis of hyperoxalaturia and oxalate-calcium crystaluria in children are described. Author presents basic principles of correction including diet therapy, drinking regime, phytotherapy, medication.
Assessment of Assertive Communication Skills Among Clinical Rotation Radiography Students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University
Assertive communication is a core skill especially in multidisciplinary team. Assertive communication among health professionals is an important element of patient safety efforts in health care. We assessed the current levels of assertive communication skills among final year student radiographers of Nnamdi Azikiwe university during clinical rotations. We also to identified the challenges and barriers faced by student radiographers in practicing assertive communication in clinical settings. Data collected were analysed using SPSS version 20. 80 (52.98%) were males. The study revealed that 80 (52.98%) of participants would not intervene in the face of patient compromises. 78 (51.66%) reported that they will not question the radiographer if he does not give the patient a lead apron but rather provide a lead apron. This study showed that instead of students speaking up verbally, they prefer to do it the nonverbal way. most students get confused when they observed what pertains in clinical practice and what has been taught in class and this affects them in clinical examinations. Most of the respondents are not very likely to speak up but instead, they prefer to do it non-verbally. If students are to speak up in the face of patient compromises, they will do so before any harm is done but tension or nervousness and the attitude of the clinician seems to be the factors affecting their assertiveness.
Copyright (c) 2024 American Journal of Pediatric Medicine and Health Sciences (2993-2149)
Effect of Caudal Epidural Analgesia on Postoperative Pain and Emergence Delirium in Children Undergoing Lower Abdominal Surgery: A Controlled Clinical Study
Pediatric operation patients with lower abdominal surgery develop postoperative pain, emergence delirium (ED), which causes distress and prolonged recovery. Caudal epidural analgesia is a popular method of giving good pain relief, although its effects on the emergence delirium are still subject to research. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of caudal epidural analgesia on postoperative pain and emergence delirium in children undergoing lower abdominal surgery. A prospective controlled clinical trial was done at Hayat International Hospital, which involved 60 children aged 2-8 years (ASA I-II) who were electively undergoing infraumbilical surgeries. Patients were split into two categories, caudal group (n = 30) was administered with a single-shot caudal block containing 0.25% bupivacaine (1 ml/kg), and control group (n = 30) was administered systemic analgesia only. The FLACC scale was used to measure postoperative pain, and Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale was used to measure emergence delirium. There was no significant difference in the baseline characteristics (p > 0.05). Caudal group showed much lower FLACC scores in all the postoperative times (p < 0.001). Emergence delirium scores were significantly reduced in the caudal group (7.4 ± 2.1 vs. 12.3 ± 3.2; p < 0.001), with a lower incidence of ED (20% vs. 50%; p = 0.01). Further, the caudal group needed less rescue analgesia and had a long time to first analgesic request (p < 0.001). Caudal epidural analgesia is superior to reduce the postoperative pain and emergence delirium in children that have lower abdominal surgeries. It also reduces analgesic needs and improves recovery and contributes to the regular use of this technique as an efficient element of multimodal anesthesia.
A Unified Endocrine–Immune Model Explaining Male Phenotypic Variability: From Androgen Resistance to Immune-Mediated Hair Loss
Male phenotypic variability in skin tone, facial hair density, and secondary sexual characteristics reflects complex interactions between genetic determinants of androgen signaling, estrogen metabolism, and immune regulation. Accumulating evidence indicates that androgenetic alopecia (AGA), gynecomastia, and immune responsiveness are not solely determined by circulating testosterone levels, but rather by androgen receptor (AR) sensitivity, local dihydrotestosterone (DHT) activity, aromatase expression, sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) levels, and immunogenetic background. Several studies demonstrate that reduced AR sensitivity and altered 5α-reductase activity are associated with attenuated classical androgen-dependent traits, including facial hair growth, while simultaneously modifying susceptibility to hair loss patterns that may clinically mimic androgenetic alopecia. In such cases, hair loss may represent non-androgenic entities, including alopecia areata incognita, chronic telogen effluvium, or post-viral immune-mediated alopecia, particularly following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gynecomastia represents another clinical manifestation of altered androgen–estrogen balance. Increased aromatization of testosterone, heightened estrogen receptor (ER-α/ER-β) sensitivity, or diminished androgen-mediated counter-regulation can shift the estrogen-to-androgen signaling ratio toward estrogen dominance, even in the presence of normal serum testosterone levels. Genetic variants affecting CYP19A1 (aromatase), AR polymorphisms, and SHBG concentrations have been implicated in this imbalance. Sex hormones exert profound immunomodulatory effects. Estrogens enhance humoral immunity, promote Th2-skewed immune responses, and lower the threshold for autoimmune activation, whereas androgens generally exert immunosuppressive effects. This hormonal divergence partly explains the higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases in females and suggests that males with reduced androgen signaling and relative estrogen predominance may exhibit an immune phenotype intermediate between typical male and female patterns. Taken together, this narrative review proposes a unified endocrine–immune phenotype characterized by reduced androgen receptor sensitivity and relative estrogen dominance in a subset of men.
Bullying Among Adult and Pediatric Patients with Chronic Illnesses: Implications for Nursing Practice (Subject Review)
Background: The victimization from bullying is an important public health problem across all ages. Patients with chronic illnesses are more likely to be bullied due to the fact that they are different, function differently or are socially stigmatized. An exploration of the phenomenon of bullying of a pediatric and an adult patient with chronic illness. Methods: A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL and PsycINFO was conducted for peer-reviewed studies on bullying of people with chronic conditions. The review investigated publication year 2010 to 2024 where the nursing intervention and clinical implication are focused. Clinical practice relevance and methodological rigor determined the selection of the studies. Results: Youngsters with chronic conditions have far greater rates of peer victimization (25 to 35%) than healthy peers (15%). Bullying is more likely to occur in individuals with type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and heart conditions. The rate of bullying at work more than doubles among adults with chronic illness and disability (14% vs. 6% for non-disabled). This contributes to psychological distress and worsening health. Essential components of comprehensive care evidence-based nursing interventions include screening, education, psychosocial support, and advocacy. Conclusions: Nurses and other healthcare providers are essential to spotting, preventing, and stopping bullying of those with a chronic illness. Incorporating routine screening for bullying and violence, implementing interventions, and expert consultations will help improve the health outcomes and quality of life of the patients, affected by bullying and violence.
Prevalence of Giardia lamblia Infection Among Malnourished Children in Kirkuk City, Iraq: A Case–Control Study
Background: Malnutrition and intestinal parasitic infections are major health problems among children under five years of age in developing countries. Giardia lamblia is a common protozoan parasite associated with diarrhea, malabsorption, and growth impairment. Aim: To determine the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection among malnourished children in Kirkuk City, Iraq, and to evaluate its association with demographic and environmental risk factors. Methods: This hospital-based case–control study was conducted from February to December 2025 and included 240 children aged 2 months to 5 years (120 malnourished cases and 120 apparently healthy controls). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were used to assess nutritional status. Stool samples were examined using the zinc sulfate concentration method for detection of Giardia lamblia. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection was significantly higher among malnourished children compared to controls. The highest rate of infection was observed in children aged 25–36 months and among those living in rural areas. Significant associations were found between giardiasis and diarrhea, poor hygiene practices, unsafe drinking water, overcrowded living conditions, and low socioeconomic status (p<0.05). Conclusion: Giardia lamblia infection is significantly associated with malnutrition among children in Kirkuk City. Improving sanitation, ensuring safe water supply, promoting health education, and early detection and treatment of parasitic infections are essential strategies to reduce the burden of malnutrition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journals American Journal of Pediatric Medicine and Health Sciences (2993-2149)
Maternal Serum Netrin-1 as a New Biomarker of Preeclampsia
Background: The netrin-1 serum is extensively expressed in various tissues such as renal tissues and placenta. It is predominantly implicated in cell migration development, cell adhesion and cell survival. Netrin-1 serum is also important in the formation of the placenta by enhancing the growth of cytotrophoblast and placental vapour development. Aim: To determine whether the use of serum netrin-1 levels measurement might be linked to preeclampsia or might be a biomarker of preeclampsia. Patients and Method: The case-control study was done in Alzahraa Teaching Maternity and Pediatrics Hospital / Najaf Governorate / Iraq, in the year period starting 1 st January 2024 to 1 st January 2025. The convenience sampling technique was used to recruit a total of 90 singleton pregnant women. The sample incorporated two groups whereby the case group comprised 45 pregnant women exposed to preeclampsia and the control group comprised of 45 healthy pregnant women (normotensive and never had any medical disease in their history). The serum netrin-1 was measured with the help of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit. Findings: The serum netrin-1 mean showed a significant difference that was found to be elevated at the case group (non-severe and severe preeclampsia) than in the control group. Besides, it was also more pronounced in patients with non-severe preeclampsia than in the control group (P-value=0.001). Moreover, it was much greater in the case of severe preeclampsia patients as compared to non-severe preeclampsia (P-value=0.019). There were also significant positive associations between serum netrin-1 and alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, blood urea, serum creatinine and negative significant association between serum netrin-1 and platelet count in case. The sensitivity, the specificity, and the accuracy of serum netrin-1 in the diagnosis of preeclampsia were 93.3, 80 and 86.6 respectively with a cut-off point of 698 pg/ml. Conclusion: Netrin-1 serum can be considered as a potential biomarker in the prediction and detection of preeclampsia.
Ultrasound-Guided Versus Landmark Technique for Spinal Anesthesia: A Comparative Study of Success Rate, Procedure Time, and Complications
Background: Spinal anesthesia is extensively applied in lower abdominal and lower limb surgery; nonetheless, the traditional landmark technique is linked to the varying success rates and complications. Ultrasound guidance has been brought out as a possible tool of enhancing accuracy and clinical results. Aim: To compare the ultrasound-guided with the landmark methods of spinal anesthesia in terms of the first-attempt success rate, duration of the procedure, and complications. Methods: It was a prospective comparative study that was carried out over a period of one year in the Medical Research Teaching Hospital. One hundred and twenty adult patients who were to undergo elective surgeries under spinal anesthesia were divided equally between two groups; ultrasound-guided (n = 60) and landmark technique (n = 60). The first-attempt success rate was used as the primary outcome, and other secondary outcomes were the procedure time, the number of attempts, as well as the complications. Data analysis was done with SPSS 28 and p = 0.05 was used as the level of significance. Findings: The ultrasound group had a much higher success rate on the first attempt than the landmark group (86.7% vs 63.3% p = 0.003). The time spent at the procedure was also a lot less in the ultrasound group (3.8 +1.2 minutes vs 6.1 +2.0 minutes, p = 0.001). Also, ultrasound group experienced fewer needle attempts and reduced cases of complications, such as paresthesia, bloody tap, and failed block (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided spinal anesthesia is better and safer in comparison to the traditional landmark method, with a better success rate, shorter duration of a procedure, and less number of complications. It is advisable to incorporate it into the normal practice of anesthetic practice in case of resources.
Association between Periodontitis and Glycaemic Control Among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Ogun State, Nigeria: A Cross Sectional Study
Background: Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) share a bidirectional relationship mediated by chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation. Evidence from high income countries shows that periodontitis is associated with poorer glycaemic control, and that periodontal therapy can modestly reduce glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, but data from sub Saharan Africa remain scarce (Mauri Obradors et al., 2018; Sanz et al., 2018; Tsobgny Tsague et al., 2018; Simpson et al., 2022). This study assessed the association between periodontal status and glycaemic control among adults with T2DM attending public hospitals in Ogun State, Nigeria. Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted among adults with T2DM attending teaching and general hospitals in Ogun State. Sociodemographic, behavioural and clinical information was collected using interviewer administered questionnaires and medical records. Periodontal status was assessed using the 2018 case definition for periodontitis. Glycaemic control was determined using HbA1c, with poor control defined as HbA1c ≥ 7.0%. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between periodontitis and poor glycaemic control, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and duration of diabetes, smoking and oral hygiene practices. Results: A total of 234 participants were included; 142 (60.7%) had periodontitis. Poor glycaemic control was observed in 64.8% of participants with periodontitis compared with 41.3% of those without periodontitis. After adjustment for potential confounders, periodontitis remained significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] ≈ 2–3, 95% confidence interval not including 1). Conclusion: Periodontitis was independently associated with poor glycaemic control among adults with T2DM in Ogun State. Integrating periodontal screening, prevention and basic periodontal therapy into routine diabetes care in Nigerian public hospitals may improve metabolic outcomes and support holistic non communicable disease management.
Stigma and Discrimination Experienced by Individuals Living with Sickle Cell Disease in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria
Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common inherited blood disorder in Nigeria, often accompanied by social stigma and discrimination. Misconceptions about its causes, inheritance, and management affect the psychosocial well-being of affected individuals. Objectives: This study assessed stigma and discrimination experienced by individuals living with SCD in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Method of Analysis: A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted among 600 adults using multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected with a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire covering socio-demographics, knowledge and beliefs about SCD, attitudes, genotype awareness, personal contact with individuals with SCD, and stigmatizing behaviors. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, while chi-square tests assessed associations between variables. Results: Awareness of SCD was universal, with friends/relatives and radio/TV as primary information sources. Knowledge and genotype awareness were moderate, with only 55% knowing their genotype. Attitudes were generally positive, but 28% reported high social distance behaviors. Higher knowledge and favorable attitudes were significantly associated with lower social distance (χ² = 18.6, p < 0.001), while low personal contact and lack of genotype awareness predicted higher stigma (χ² = 15.4, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Despite high awareness, stigma and discriminatory behaviors toward individuals with SCD persist. Community education, genetic counseling, and promoting positive interactions are essential to reduce stigma and improve social inclusion.
Radiomonitoring at the Meat-Oriented Farm “Soatov Otabek” in the Amudarya District of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
This article presents the results of radiometric monitoring conducted at the meat-oriented agro-farm “Soatov Otabek,” located in the Amudarya district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Samples of soil, alfalfa, water bodies, and hay collected from the farm territory were analyzed under laboratory conditions. The levels of ionizing radiation and the presence of radioactive substances were determined. Based on the obtained results, the radiation status of the farm environment was evaluated and compared with established regulatory standards. The findings confirm the importance of radiomonitoring in ensuring environmental safety and the quality of livestock products.
Surgical Techniques and Treatment Results of Skin Graft Reconstruction in Post-Burn Elbow Contractures
Post-burn scar deformities and contractures affecting joint regions, particularly the elbow, represent a significant clinical problem due to their impact on both functional capacity and aesthetic appearance. These pathological changes often result in restricted range of motion, discomfort, and a noticeable decline in patients’ quality of life and daily activity levels. Among the available reconstructive methods, skin grafting remains one of the most reliable and widely used techniques for correcting such deformities. This study focuses on the surgical principles and technical nuances of skin grafting in the management of post-burn elbow deformities. Special attention is given to preoperative evaluation, including assessment of scar characteristics and tissue condition, as well as to the selection of appropriate grafting techniques. In addition, key aspects of postoperative care, rehabilitation, and complication prevention are discussed. The findings indicate that properly planned and executed skin grafting significantly improves joint mobility, restores functional performance, and enhances cosmetic outcomes. Furthermore, the integration of adjunctive methods, including physiotherapy and laser therapy, contributes to better long-term results and reduces the risk of recurrence.
Healthcare Financing Options for Under-Five Child Care and Their Implications for Primary Healthcare Utilization in Oyo State, Nigeria
Under-five morbidity and mortality remain major public health challenges in Nigeria. Timely utilization of primary healthcare (PHC) is essential for preventing and managing common childhood illnesses. Caregivers’ socio-demographic characteristics, education, and household income strongly influence PHC utilization. Out-of-pocket payments dominate healthcare financing, limiting timely utilization of PHC services, while enrolment in health insurance schemes remains low, particularly among informal and low-income households. Understanding how caregiver factors interact with financing methods is critical for improving PHC access and child health outcomes. This study assessed the relationship between caregivers’ healthcare financing options and PHC utilization for under-five children in Oyo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among caregivers of under-five children, collecting data on socio-demographics, income, health-seeking patterns, and financing options. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were employed to examine associations between variables. The mean age of caregivers was 31.0 years (SD ± 8.5), with 91.7% female and 77.5% married. Informal employment was predominant (56.2%), and the majority earned below ₦100,000 per month. Out-of-pocket payment was the most common financing method (44.5%). PHC utilization was suboptimal, with only 22.7% of caregivers seeking care from PHC facilities during child illness and 53.1% delaying care by more than five days. Socio-demographic characteristics, particularly age, education, and income, significantly influenced financing choices and uptake of PHC. (p<0.001). Expanding affordable insurance coverage, promoting caregiver-targeted health education, and strengthening PHC service delivery and governance are essential to enhance timely utilization and equitable access, contributing to improved child health and progress toward universal health coverage in Nigeria.
Presently Frequent Occurrence Of Cervical Pathologies And Their Causes.
Cervical pathologies are a group of diseases that are widespread among women of reproductive age. In recent years, the incidence of inflammatory diseases, dysplasia and cervical cancer has been increasing. This article analyzes the types, etiological factors, pathogenesis, risk factors and causes of their spread of cervical pathologies. The main etiological factors are human papillomavirus (HPV), early sexual life, polysexual intercourse, decreased immunity and lack of screening. Early diagnosis and preventive measures are important in reducing the incidence.
Assessment of Attitudes and Perceptions toward COVID-19 Vaccination among Community Health Workers in Training at Agency Schools, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Background: Community health workers play a critical role in the promotion of public health interventions, including vaccination. Their attitudes and perceptions toward COVID 19 vaccination can influence both personal uptake and advocacy within the wider community. This study assessed the awareness, attitudes, perceptions, and factors associated with COVID 19 vaccine acceptance among community health workers in training at Agency Schools, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 trainees enrolled in the Primary Health Care Tutors and Community Health Officers Training Programmes. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire, capturing socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, perception, attitude, vaccination status, and factors influencing vaccine acceptance. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages, and chi-square tests were used to analyze associations between perception, attitude, and vaccine uptake. Results: The mean age of respondents was 32.1 ± 8.4 years, with a majority being female (65%) and of Yoruba ethnicity (80%). Awareness of COVID 19 and preventive measures, including vaccination, was high, with 98% demonstrating knowledge of transmission routes and 95% aware of vaccine side effects. Eighty-five percent had received at least one dose of the COVID 19 vaccine, and 83% completed the full vaccination schedule. Positive attitudes toward vaccination, including encouragement of peers, were observed in 95% of respondents. Misconceptions regarding vaccine safety and efficacy were minimal but present. Chi-square analysis indicated significant associations between both attitude and perception with vaccine acceptance (p < 0.05). Perceived factors influencing vaccine uptake included personal health considerations, peer influence, and access to vaccination information. Conclusion: Community health worker trainees at UCH Ibadan demonstrated high awareness and generally positive attitudes toward COVID 19 vaccination, which were strongly associated with uptake. Residual misconceptions highlight the need for continued educational interventions, peer advocacy, and transparent communication to sustain vaccine confidence. Strengthening these strategies within training programs can enhance both personal uptake and broader public health promotion.
Risk Factors Associated with Severe Dehydration in Children with Acute Diarrhea in Emergency Settings
Background: Acute diarrhea is a leading cause of emergency care to children hospital globally and it still makes a significant contribution to the under-five morbidity and mortality. The most life-threatening complication is severe dehydration that has to be identified and treated immediately. Knowledge of clinical and socioeconomic predictors in the emergency situation plays a crucial role in selecting prevention initiatives. Aim: To identify the prevalence and independent predictors of severe dehydration in children that report to emergency departments with acute diarrhea. Methods: It was a hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study that was done in three tertiary emergency departments that were based in pediatric units with a 12 months period. Four hundred and twenty children aged between 1-59 months old diagnosed with acute diarrhea underwent enrolment in consecutive sampling. The level of dehydration was categorized by the WHO. The sociodemographic and nutrition, clinical, and home-management variables were obtained by interviewing caregivers and examining these factors by the doctor. The logistic regression analysis showed the multivariate predictors of severe dehydration with adjusted odds ratio (AOR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) being evaluated. Aim: 128 children were found to have severe dehydration (30.5%). Independent predictors were lack of oral rehydration therapy (AOR = 3.82; 95% CI: 2.156788), later presentation >48 hours (AOR = 3.12; 95% CI: 1.885.16), stool frequency>8/day (AOR = 2.91; 95% CI: 1.704.98), moderate/severe malnutrition (AOR = 2.74; 95) Conclusion: In emergency departments in almost a third of cases of children with acute diarrhea, severe dehydration was found. The clinical severity indicators as well as modifiable home-care practices both posed a significant risk. Rehydration therapy at an early stage, breastfeeding and timely treatment are significant measures to decrease emergency complications and avoid death.
Pediatric Nutrition Determinants, Health Outcomes, and Public Health Implications
The importance of pediatric nutrition, however, is its impact on a child growth and development as well as subsequent immune health and long-term outcomes. Adequate consumption of macronutrients and micronutrients in early childhood is critical for healthy physical and cognitive development. Yet there are global disparities, with undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies continuing to be major public health challenges alongside emerging childhood obesity. The latest epidemiological evidence shows malnutrition is a direct contributory factor in over 45% of all deaths among under-fives worldwide. Rapid dietary transitions and urbanization have simultaneously resulted in increasing prevalence of overweight and metabolic disorders in children. Both extremes of malnutrition undernutrition and overnutrition have long-term consequences such as compromised immunity, poorer education achievement and greater risk for non-communicable diseases in adulthood. This article summarizes current evidence on the determinants of nutritional status in children and adolescents, describes health outcomes associated with nutritional imbalance, and outlines preventive approaches at familial/community/policy levels. As we work to improve sustainable child health outcomes worldwide, reinforcing early-life nutritional interventions continues to be a critical factor.
Comparison between Traditional Surgery and Laparoscopic Surgery in the Treatment of Hernias in the Elderly
Hernia repair in older patients typically involves a number of complexities related to the effects of aging on the body as well as underlying medical issues. This research has compared and contrasted open term with laparoscopically performed hernia repairs while evaluating operative outcomes, short-term recovery periods, complication rates, and long-term results. The terminal ambit of surgical evaluations showed that laparoscopy took about 10 minutes longer on average (95 ± 20 min) than open procedures (85 ± 15 min) during the course of surgery; however, the amount of blood lost during laparoscopic repair was much less (60 ± 20 ml versus 120 ± 30 ml). Regarding early recovery from surgery, patients undergoing a laparoscopic repair were able to ambulate sooner (1.5 ± 0.4 days post-op) when compared with patients undergoing an open repair (2.5 ± 0.5 days post-op), and exhibited fewer pain complaints (VAS 3 ± 1 versus VAS 6 ± 1), and stayed in the hospital for less time (3 ± 0.8 days versus 5 ± 1 days). The incidence of postoperative complications was higher in patients who had an open repair; for example, there were greater instances of wound-related morbidity due to wound infections (8% vs 3%) and seromas (10% vs 4%) in the open repair group when compared with the laparoscopic group. Incidence rates of cardiopulmonary events were somewhat higher during the immediate post-operative period in the laparoscopic group (6% vs 5%), however, all cardiopulmonary events were associated with an early post-operative period only. Recurrence rates of hernia at longterm follow-up were similar (4% laparoscopic vs 5% open), but laparoscopic repair patients exhibited more optimal functional status and greater patient satisfaction (90% vs 75%). Patients who had laparoscopic repairs also experienced significantly less chronic pain than patients who had open repairs (5% vs 12%). In conclusion, laparoscopic hernia repair provided numerous advantages to elderly patients over open procedure including shorter recovery time, lower complication rates and better long-term quality of life while presenting comparable rates of hernia recurrence.