Stigma and Discrimination Experienced by Individuals Living with Sickle Cell Disease in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria

Abstract

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common inherited blood disorder in Nigeria, often accompanied by social stigma and discrimination. Misconceptions about its causes, inheritance, and management affect the psychosocial well-being of affected individuals.

Objectives: This study assessed stigma and discrimination experienced by individuals living with SCD in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Method of Analysis: A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted among 600 adults using multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected with a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire covering socio-demographics, knowledge and beliefs about SCD, attitudes, genotype awareness, personal contact with individuals with SCD, and stigmatizing behaviors. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, while chi-square tests assessed associations between variables.

Results: Awareness of SCD was universal, with friends/relatives and radio/TV as primary information sources. Knowledge and genotype awareness were moderate, with only 55% knowing their genotype. Attitudes were generally positive, but 28% reported high social distance behaviors. Higher knowledge and favorable attitudes were significantly associated with lower social distance (χ² = 18.6, p < 0.001), while low personal contact and lack of genotype awareness predicted higher stigma (χ² = 15.4, p = 0.002).

Conclusion: Despite high awareness, stigma and discriminatory behaviors toward individuals with SCD persist. Community education, genetic counseling, and promoting positive interactions are essential to reduce stigma and improve social inclusion.