American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157) - is open-access peer-reviewed research on the theory, practice, processes, and outcomes of diplomacy in both its traditional state-based forms, as well as contemporary diplomatic expressions practiced by states and non-state entities. Journal publishes a range of articles pertaining to public diplomacy and related fields, including international relations, public relations, public affairs, media studies, cultural studies, economics, and nation branding.
The Effectiveness of The Sipp Program (Employee Attendance Information System) at The Hulu Sungai Utara Regency Health Office
An attendance system is a data collection method used to record the presence of employees within an organization, company, or institution. It functions as a tool to manage employee attendance records and serves as a vital instrument for monitoring performance and productivity. This system utilizes the Waterfall method, which consists of five stages: post-analysis, system design, system implementation, system testing, and system maintenance. The system is capable of recording arrival and departure times, calculating total working hours, displaying absenteeism reports, and ensuring the security of employee data. It is expected to enhance the discipline and efficiency of the staff at the Hulu Sungai Utara Regency Health Office. The implementation results indicate that the system can automatically record clock-in and clock-out times, calculate working hours, generate real-time attendance reports, and minimize data manipulation. It is anticipated that this system will improve discipline and accountability, as well as support management in monitoring employee performance effectively and efficiently. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the Employee Attendance Information System (SIPP) at the Hulu Sungai Utara (HSU) Regency Health Office in improving work discipline and attendance data accuracy. Using a descriptive qualitative method, this research examines the effectiveness of this technology-based system compared to manual systems. The results show that SIPP significantly increases employee discipline, although technical obstacles regarding data synchronization during peak hours are still encountered.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
Public Service of the 1000 Undergraduates Scholarship Program in Balangan Regency: A Literature Review
Public service in education is a strategic instrument for local governments to enhance human resource quality. Regional scholarship programs are an integral part of public service policies aimed at expanding community access to higher education. This article aims to examine the implementation of public services within the 1,000 Bachelor's Scholarship Program in Balangan Regency through a literature study approach. The method employed is a systematic literature review, analyzing scientific articles from accredited national journals that discuss public service, public policy, and educational scholarship programs. The findings indicate that the quality of public service in regional scholarship programs is influenced by the clarity of service standards, information transparency, accountability in policy implementation, apparatus responsiveness, and the principle of equitable access. Conceptually, this article asserts that regional scholarship programs must be positioned as an integral part of public service governance rather than merely an educational assistance policy. These research findings are expected to serve as a conceptual reference for the development of public administration studies and provide practical input for local governments in improving public service quality within the education sector.
The Role of Independent and Community Media in Early Warning and Conflict Prevention across Fragile Regions in Nigeria
Across the world early warning is crucial for conflict prevention and intergroup relations. This study interrogates the critical, yet often undervalued, role of independent and community-based media in the architecture of early warning systems (EWS) within Nigeria’s most volatile regions. Federal security plans often focus on top-level intelligence, but they can miss the local issues that lead to bigger problems, like mass violence. This research argues that community media is so important because it is local and speaks the language, giving real-time information that big news places miss. This paper examines how local broadcasting and online platforms stop things from getting worse by condemning fake news about ethnic groups and religions, and by helping different groups talk to one another. The paper also highlights a systemic disconnection: the intelligence gathered at the communal level rarely integrates effectively into the state’s formal response mechanisms due to institutional mistrust and the shrinking civic space in Nigeria. The research shows that, to turn warnings into action, there is the need to switch to a bottom-up information system, where local voices are heard. It concludes that independent media is not only a reporting tool but also a primary stakeholder in conflict prevention; its sustainability is, therefore, a prerequisite for national stability. Nigeria can move from reactive militarism to a proactive, community-led peacebuilding paradigm when the country empowers indigenous communication channels.
Truth on Trial: A Kripkean Analysis of Nigeria’s ‘Go to Court’ Logic
In the epistemic labyrinth of Nigerian democracy, the phrase “Go to Court” transcends a mere appeal to justice; it functions as a modal migration from empirical reality (World₁) to judicial abstraction (World₂). Through Saul Kripke’s semantics and logical formalism, this paper exposes the fragility of the accessibility relation between these worlds, where judicial truth (□L) often fails to reflect empirical truth (◇E), resulting in what Habermas termed a legitimation crisis. The study argues that Nigeria’s judiciary, mistaking necessity for infallibility, perpetuates the fallacy of affirming the consequent, confusing institutional validation with democratic truth. This paradox transforms law into an autopoietic system where logic is valid, yet justice remains void, echoing Wittgenstein’s insight that “the limits of my language mean the limits of my world.” To remedy this, the paper proposes the B.E.S.T. model, Bimodal Verification, Empirical Accessibility, Semantic Consistency, and Truth Preservation, as a Kripkean framework for aligning legal necessity with empirical reality. By restoring coherence between legality and legitimacy, the model redefines judicial affirmation as a communicative act grounded in truth rather than procedural formality. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the future of Nigerian democracy depends on bridging the gap between what is legally affirmed and what is empirically lived, ensuring that justice, in all possible worlds, becomes both logically necessary and morally real.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Principles and Standards for Ensuring Human Rights in the Implementation of International Anti-Crime Cooperation
The article examines the theoretical and legal as well as practical aspects of ensuring human rights in the process of international cooperation in combating crime. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of universal and regional international human rights standards and their implementation within the national legal system of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study explores the complex correlation between the objectives of criminal prosecution and the obligation to respect and protect fundamental human rights. Judicial practice and contemporary law-enforcement trends are analyzed with a view to identifying systemic challenges in balancing effective crime control with the protection of individual freedoms. The author substantiates the need to further improve national mechanisms for safeguarding human rights in the context of the growing transnationalization of crime and the intensification of international cooperation among law-enforcement agencies.
Political Interference and Vice Chancellors’ Administrative Effectiveness: Implications for Quality Education Delivery in Nigerian Universities
This paper explores Political Interference and Vice Chancellors’ Administative Effectiveness; Implications for Quality Education Delivery in Nigerian Universities. Political interference has evolved into a profound challenge confronting the Nigerian university system, significantly impairing the administrative effectiveness of Vice Chancellors and undermining the delivery of quality education. This position paper critically examines the multiple dimensions through which political forces intrude into university governance ranging from the manipulation of Vice Chancellors’ appointment processes, partisan influence on council decisions, interference in budgetary approvals, pressure in staff recruitment and promotion, to undue involvement in disciplinary matters, programmes accreditation, and resource distribution. These forms of intrusion compromise institutional autonomy, weaken internal governance, and restrict the capacity of Vice Chancellors to exercise objective, merit-driven leadership. The paper argues that sustainable educational development depends on preserving the integrity of university governance structures. However, when political actors impose external interests on academic institutions, Vice Chancellors are constrained in implementing strategic plans, enforcing accountability systems, upholding academic standards, and building environments conducive to teaching, research, and innovation. This ultimately results in declining staff morale, erosion of academic freedom, dwindling research output, poor infrastructural development, and limited global competitiveness of Nigerian universities. By drawing attention to these critical concerns, the paper articulates the urgent need to safeguard university autonomy through transparent leadership selection processes, strengthened regulatory frameworks, and deliberate depoliticization of governance mechanisms. It concludes that without addressing the pervasive patterns of political interference, the aspiration for quality education delivery and national transformation, as envisioned in the National Policy on Education, will remain unattainable.
The Linguopragmatic Nature of Forms of Address in Arabic and English: Theoretical Foundations and Pragmatic Implications
Forms of address represent a linguistically and culturally significant phenomenon through which speakers establish, regulate, and negotiate interpersonal relations. This article examines the linguopragmatic essence of address forms in Arabic and English, drawing on pragmatic theory and speech act analysis. The study aims to uncover how address expressions function within different sociocultural frameworks and how they reflect culturally embedded norms of politeness, hierarchy, and solidarity. A comparative qualitative analysis demonstrates that although both languages employ address forms to manage interactional goals, Arabic tends to preserve formalized and honorific patterns rooted in collectivist values, whereas English increasingly favors context-driven and egalitarian address strategies. The findings highlight the importance of cultural awareness in pragmatic interpretation and intercultural communication.
From Separation of Powers to Fusion of Powers: A Critique of Nigeria's Application of Baron De Montesquieu's Principle of Separation of Powers
Baron de Montesquieu's doctrine of separation of powers is a foundational principle of liberal democracy, advocating the division of governmental functions, legislative, executive, and judicial to prevent tyranny and safeguard liberty. Nigeria, having accepted to practice the presidential system of government, logically adopted this principle of checks and balances in its 1999 Constitution to ensure mutual accountability and limit power abuse among the three arms of government. The motivation for this study stems from the observed practical divergence from this theoretical ideal in Nigeria, which often exhibits a "fusion of powers" rather than a strict separation. The problem that this work seeks to address is the consistent mal-application and abuse of these constitutional provisions. This leads to persistent conflicts and disruptions in governance, marked by partisan interests, perceived executive dominance, and instances of legislative overreach, impacting critical processes like budget approval and appointments. Such constitutional aberrations impede democratic consolidation and foster political instability. This paper's objectives are to critically examine the extent to which separation of powers contributes to democracy in Nigeria, determine the factors affecting its successful application, and ascertain how checks and balances contribute to its effective management. The paper employs the content-analytic method.
The Development of Uzbekistan–Turkey Relations at the Level of Comprehensive Strategic Partnership
This article highlights the development of bilateral cooperation between the two states, emphasizing the role of high-level official meetings and state visits conducted by the heads of state in shaping these relations. Based on historical evidence, it examines the progress achieved across all spheres of interaction between Uzbekistan and Turkey. Furthermore, the study reveals, with new supporting facts, that the relations between the two countries have now advanced to the stage of a “Strategic Partnership.”
Digital Marketing Adoption Among Small Businesses in Developing Countries
This paper examines the patterns, drivers, and barriers of digital marketing adoption among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries across Sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Drawing on primary survey data from 1,240 SME owners and managers, supplemented by secondary analysis of regional digital economy reports, the study identifies a pronounced digital divide that constrains equitable participation in global e-commerce ecosystems. While mobile internet penetration has accelerated adoption of social-media marketing, particularly through platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp Business, and TikTok, structural barriers — including limited digital literacy, unreliable infrastructure, restricted access to formal financial services, and inadequate regulatory frameworks — continue to impede comprehensive adoption. The findings reveal that government-led digital capacity programs, fintech integration, and local-language content development represent the most impactful levers for sustainable adoption. This paper contributes an empirically grounded framework for policymakers, development finance institutions, and technology companies seeking to support SME digitalization in emerging markets.
Development of Industrial Zones and Enhancement of Investment Attractiveness
This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the economic essence of developing industrial zones and enhancing their investment attractiveness. The role of industrial zones in the national economy is revealed, particularly their importance in accelerating regional development, modernizing production, and stimulating investment flows. The key factors determining investment attractiveness are systematized, and mechanisms for increasing the competitiveness of industrial zones through infrastructure development, improvement of the institutional environment, introduction of innovative technologies, and development of human capital are substantiated. The research findings have practical significance for improving state policies aimed at the sustainable development of industrial zones.
CORPORATIONS AND PUBLIC POLICY: A REVIEW OF EXPANDING RESPONSIBILITIES OF PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS IN NIGERIA
This paper reviews the growing involvement of the private corporations in the development of public policy in Nigeria with regard to the telecommunications, banking and energy industries. It examines how companies like MTN Nigeria, Access Bank, and Oando PLC have become a force to reckon with in the policy making process especially under their corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs and their participation in the policy making process. The paper takes a critical stance, and it uses the stakeholder theory and corporate governance framework that seek to identify the ethical, political, and social consequences of corporate involvement in national governance. The results show that CSR can also lead to the development of the community, but it is commonly used in a strategic way by companies to lobby for favourable policies that can suit their interests, facilitate regulatory capture and corporate hegemony in policy making. The study also revealed the dilemma of asymmetric power relations between corporations and labour especially regarding casualization, outsourcing and erosion of trade union power. These forces advances labour exploitation and further institutionalize the corporate power in policy making process. The paper concludes by recommending the strengthening of regulatory frameworks, corporate accountability and empowerment of labour unions to make corporate involvement in the policymaking process consistent with the common good and beneficial to social equity in Nigeria.
THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DEMOCRATIC ASSISTANCE IN NIGERIA: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ITS EFFECT FROM 1999-2023
Democratic governance is the acceptable form of government universally. Nigeria has been one of the major receipts of foreign democratic in recent times dating back to the democratic process, with hundreds of billions of dollars and other non-monetary measures from democratic promoters since 1999 till 2023 and Nigerian democratic elections failing to deliver increased stability and development, we ask to what extent is Nigeria’s democratic experience since 1999 a reflection of the objectives of foreign democratic assistance to the country, this paper will help policy makers and academicians to understand that the threatened fragile democratic experiment in Nigeria is due to the irregularities associated with the elections and not on the enormity of fund from foreign donors. This paper adopted the realistic theory of change by Anderson as its theoretical framework a modification of Carol (2008) change model theory, the paper employed personal oral interviews and secondary sources of data to analysis of data qualitatively, using tables and simple percentages we show that irrespective of democratic assistance from international partners to Nigeria between 1999-2023 her political development has remained gloomy. The findings show that Nigeria’s effort towards democratic consolidations is still not a reflection of the objective(s) of FDA because her electoral integrity is still threatened by many factors such as the attitude of political leaders, electoral corruption and so on. However, the study recommends that for FDA to be successful, there is need for change in the value oriented of the political elite, the war on corruption must be pursued with vigour, government at all levels need to be serious or pay more attention to problem of poverty and greater harmonization and alignment in democratization assistance is desirable
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF INVESTIGATING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE CRIMES AND CERTAIN PROBLEMATIC ISSUES ENCOUNTERED IN PRACTICE
Domestic violence remains one of the most pressing and socially dangerous forms of crime, affecting not only individual victims but also the stability of families and society as a whole. The complexity of such crimes lies in their latent nature, emotional and psychological dimensions, and the close relationship between the offender and the victim. This article examines the specific features of investigating domestic violence crimes and analyzes certain problematic issues encountered in investigative practice. The study aims to identify procedural, criminological, and organizational peculiarities that distinguish domestic violence investigations from other categories of criminal cases, as well as to propose approaches to improving investigative efficiency and victim protection mechanisms. The research highlights that domestic violence crimes often occur within private settings, without independent witnesses, and are frequently accompanied by psychological pressure, economic dependence, and repeated cycles of abuse. These factors significantly complicate evidence collection, assessment, and documentation. Special attention is paid to the role of timely registration of complaints, the conduct of forensic medical examinations, interviewing techniques sensitive to victims’ psychological conditions, and the importance of risk assessment in preventing repeated violence. The article also analyzes the difficulties arising from victims’ reluctance to cooperate with investigators due to fear, social stigma, reconciliation with the offender, or financial dependence. Furthermore, the study explores procedural guarantees aimed at ensuring the rights and safety of victims during the pre-trial investigation. It examines protective orders, confidentiality measures, access to legal aid, and interagency cooperation between law enforcement bodies, social services, and medical institutions. The effectiveness of these mechanisms is evaluated in light of existing legal frameworks and practical implementation challenges. Comparative elements of international standards and national legislation are also considered to identify best practices in addressing domestic violence cases. Methodologically, the research is based on the analysis of criminal legislation, investigative practice materials, statistical data, and scholarly publications. Methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalization are applied to assess current investigative approaches and identify systemic shortcomings. The findings indicate that improving investigative effectiveness requires specialized training for law enforcement officers, development of victim-centered investigative techniques, enhanced coordination among relevant institutions, and the integration of psychological and forensic expertise into the investigative process. In conclusion, the article substantiates that domestic violence investigations demand a differentiated and multidisciplinary approach, combining strict adherence to procedural norms with sensitivity to the social and psychological dimensions of the crime. Addressing the identified problematic issues will contribute to strengthening legal protection for victims, increasing the rate of crime detection, and enhancing the overall effectiveness of criminal justice responses to domestic violence.
PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE - A CRITERION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
This article focuses on the presumption of innocence as a yardstick for measuring legal system institutions’ maturity. The purpose of the research is not only analysis of practical implementation mechanisms of this principle in the system of law applied in the Republic of Uzbekistan but also discovering its influence at all stages of realization process – fr om pre-trial stage and before revisional instance as well. Special emphasis is placed on the new provision (as of 2023) 94 concerning the presumption of innocence, which has been re-formulated with three different forms: as a procedural principle, an evidentiary rule and a rule against public communication. The research verifies the direct connection of the legal phenomenon “the admissibility of evidence” to such a publicly significant institution as the presumption of innocence and describes its impact on extraprocedural institutions (administrative detention, operative-search activities, punishment). The author believes that the complete implementation of the presumption of innocence is determined by not only a normative side but also by professional legal consciousness of law enforcement officers.
Effectiveness of Using Movement Games in Improving the Physical Fitness of Female Handball Students
This article analyzes the effectiveness of using movement games in improving the physical fitness of female handball students from a scientific, theoretical, and practical perspective. During the research, a set of special movement games aimed at developing speed, agility, strength, endurance, and coordination skills was developed, and their effectiveness was determined through experimental and test work. The results obtained showed that when movement games are integrated into the training process, the physical performance of female students improves significantly, interest in training increases, and the level of functional training increases. The results of the study are of great importance in improving the teaching and training process in handball in higher educational institutions.
President Masoud Barzani as a Kurdish National Reference: Political Influence and Mediation Efforts in Western Kurdistan (Rojava)
As the crisis in Syria has continued since 2011, it has become a leading political and strategic region in the Middle East, Western Kurdistan (Rojava). This paper analyses the contribution of the Kurdish politician, President Masoud Barzani to the formation of the political agenda of Syrian Kurdistan based on the diplomatic activities, mediation efforts, and Kurdish political pluralism of the Kurdish people. It emphasizes the attempts of Barzani to unify Kurdish forces through the major compromises like Erbil (2012) and Duhok (2014), and his consistent intervention in Kurdish political balance amid the conflicts in the region and international interferences. The paper finds that Barzani is a key Kurdish political interlocutor in the Rojava situation, mainly, due to his political legitimacy and extensive regional and international diplomatic networks, President Masoud Barzani has long been regarded as a central reference point of Kurdish nationalism, representing a historical and political legitimacy that continues to shape Kurdish strategic thinking across the region and skill to survive among complicated geopolitical demands.
Correlation–Regression Relationships in the Analysis of Australia’s National Economy
This article conducts a multifactor correlation–regression analysis based on the key indicators of Australia’s national economy. The study examines the statistical relationships between factors affecting the growth of gross domestic product (GDP), including imports, exports, the services sector, agricultural value added, population size, and industrial indicators. Using a pairwise correlation matrix, linear relationships among the factors were identified, and the significance of the regression equation was evaluated using the Fisher criterion. The results indicate that exports and the services sector are the factors exerting the greatest influence on GDP growth in Australia’s economy. The study enables the formulation of important scientific and practical conclusions for assessing Australia’s economic development, its structural potential, and macroeconomic stability.
Correlation and Regression Relationships in Analyzing the National Economy of Brazil
This abstract briefly outlines the socio-economic development characteristics of the Federative Republic of Brazil and its role in the global economy. Brazil is the largest country in South America and stands out due to its territory, population, and natural resource potential. The country’s economy is diversified, with industry, agriculture, the service sector, and foreign trade playing significant roles. Brazil is considered one of the world’s leading countries in the export of agricultural products (soybeans, coffee, sugarcane), industrial goods, and energy resources. In addition, the country has a well-developed industrial production base, including the automotive industry, mining, and processing sectors. The abstract generally characterizes Brazil’s economic stability, export potential, and role in global economic integration. The growth of Brazil’s gross domestic product and the factors influencing it have been sufficiently studied. Key indicators of Brazil’s overall industrial sectors, agriculture, and service sector, as well as their impact on growth, have been examined and conclusions have been drawn.
Methods of Teaching Technical Elements of Wrestling to Students with Physical Disabilities Based on Video Analysis
In this article, the issues of improving the process of teaching wrestling elements to students with physical disabilities were studied scientifically and pedagogically based on the use of video analysis technologies. The study paid special attention to the issues of individualizing training sessions based on the principles of adaptive physical education, expanding the possibilities of visual perception of movements and self-control. The results obtained show that the systematic use of modern information and communication technologies, in particular video analysis tools, in adaptive physical education classes is of great importance in increasing the physical fitness, movement skills and motivation of students with physical disabilities to training.
Psychological and Pedagogical Requirements for Developing a Modern Literature Textbook
Modern education demands new approaches to teaching, especially in complex subjects like literature. A school literature textbook must meet psychological and pedagogical requirements to ensure effective material assimilation by students and promote their holistic development. This article examines the key aspects of developing new-generation school literature textbooks. The study aims to systematize the core psychological and pedagogical requirements for such textbooks. The methodological basis is a qualitative analysis and systematization of modern approaches to textbook design. As a result, twelve key requirements are identified and described, encompassing systemic design, age-appropriateness, emotional and cognitive development, value formation, interactivity, use of modern technologies, personalization, creativity development, digital integration, reader culture cultivation, interdisciplinary connections, and critical thinking skills. The discussion highlights the integrative nature of these requirements and their role in creating a textbook that is not only an information source but also a tool for developing personality, culture, and adaptable skills in the 21st century. The conclusions emphasize the necessity of a comprehensive approach that balances traditional pedagogical values with the demands of the digital era and the individual needs of students.
psychological and pedagogical requirements for textbooks
Guarantees of the Right to Private Property and Mechanisms for Their Implementation
This article examines the guarantees of the right to private property and the mechanisms for their effective implementation within the modern legal system. The right to private property is recognized as one of the fundamental human and civil rights, playing a crucial role in ensuring economic stability, social development, and the formation of a market-oriented economy. The study analyzes the legal nature of private property rights, their constitutional foundations, and the system of legal guarantees designed to protect property owners from unlawful interference by the state, third parties, or other subjects of law. Special attention is given to the institutional, legal, and organizational mechanisms that ensure the realization of private property rights in practice. These mechanisms include legislative regulation, judicial protection, administrative safeguards, and law enforcement practices aimed at restoring violated rights and preventing future infringements. The article also explores the role of courts, justice authorities, and other competent institutions in guaranteeing the inviolability of private property, as well as the effectiveness of existing remedies for resolving property-related disputes. The research highlights existing problems and challenges in the implementation of private property rights, such as gaps in legislation, inconsistencies in law enforcement practice, and insufficient legal awareness among property owners. Based on a comprehensive analysis of national legislation and practical experience, the article proposes recommendations for improving legal frameworks and strengthening enforcement mechanisms. The findings of this study may contribute to the further development of legal guarantees for private property rights and enhance the effectiveness of their implementation in ensuring the rule of law and sustainable economic growth.
Issues of Identifying and Eliminating Corruption Risks
This article analyzes the concept of corruption risks, their types and factors of origin. Legal, organizational and digital mechanisms for identifying, assessing and eliminating risks in reducing corruption are highlighted.
The Role of Soft Skills in Professional Development
This article examines Uzbekistan’s higher education reforms in the context of labor market transformation, emphasizing the growing importance of soft skills. It analyzes employer expectations, digitalization impacts, and human capital development, arguing that interpersonal competencies are essential for graduate employability, competitiveness, leadership potential, and sustainable socio-economic development in Uzbekistan today.
Development, Institutionalization, And Ensuring the Legal Protection of Youth Through Legal Clinics
The article examines the development and institutionalization of legal clinics as an effective mechanism for ensuring legal protection of young people belonging to socially vulnerable and at-risk groups. It analyzes the concept of “youth at social risk,” identifies its main categories, and highlights key socio-economic and legal factors contributing to vulnerability and exclusion. Particular attention is paid to the need for a systematic approach to identifying at-risk youth through coordinated interaction among state authorities, educational institutions, local self-government bodies, and civil society organizations.
The Ghost in the Machine: A Comparative Critique of AI ‘Legal Personhood’ and Liability Attribution in Autonomous Vehicle Torts (EU vs. US)
This article critiques the viability of granting legal personhood to Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the context of SAE Level 4/5 Autonomous Vehicle (AV) liability. By contrasting the European Union’s 2024 Revised Product Liability Directive—which cements a strict liability "product" approach following the 2025 withdrawal of the specialized AI Liability Directive—with the United States’ emerging reliance on mass tort litigation (e.g., the 2025 LoSavio certification), it argues that "electronic personhood" is a legally redundant fiction. Instead, the article proposes a "functional entity" model that harmonizes the US "enterprise risk" doctrine with the EU’s "presumption of defectiveness," ensuring victims are compensated without anthropomorphizing code.
Analysis of 10-Year Macroeconomic Indicators of the Republic of Korea
Ushbu maqolada Koreya Respublikasining so‘nggi o‘n yil ichidagi asosiy iqtisodiy va makroiqtisodiy ko’rsatkichlari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida yalpi ichki mahsulot (YIM), inflyatsiya, mehnat bozori ko‘rsatkichlari, tashqi savdo va investitsiya oqimlari kabi asosiy indikatorlar o‘rganildi. Shuningdek, iqtisodiy o‘sishning barqarorligi, inqirozga chidamliligi va makroiqtisodiy siyosatning samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada so‘nggi o‘n yil ichida kuzatilgan iqtisodiy tendensiyalar, ularning global iqtisodiyot va regional rivojlanish bilan bog‘liqligi ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari orqali Koreya iqtisodiyotining o‘sish mexanizmlarini va siyosiy choralarni yanada samarali shakllantirish holatlari ko’zda tutiladi.
Intergovernmental Diplomacy and Consensus Rhetoric in United Nations Official Discourse
Language plays a central role in multilateral diplomacy, particularly within the institutional framework of the United Nations (UN), where decision-making is strongly oriented toward consensus. This article examines the rhetorical and pragmatic mechanisms through which consensus is constructed in UN official discourse. Drawing on theories of politeness, hedging, modality, strategic ambiguity, and speech act theory, the study analyzes how linguistic strategies such as indirectness, impersonality, passive constructions, euphemism, and modal expressions function to minimize conflict and facilitate agreement among sovereign states. The findings demonstrate that UN diplomatic language systematically avoids overt confrontation in favor of generalized, cooperative formulations that enable divergent political positions to coexist within a shared textual framework. The article argues that consensus in UN discourse is not merely a political outcome but a linguistically mediated process shaped by carefully calibrated rhetorical choices.
Non-governmental Non-profit Organizations in Central Asian Countries Development Dynamics
This paper explores the dynamic evolution of non-governmental non-profit organizations (NGOs) in Central Asia, particularly focusing on the development of these organizations in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. Following their independence from the Soviet Union, these countries have experienced varying trajectories in the formation of civil society institutions, influenced by their political regimes, legal frameworks, and international cooperation. The development process of NGOs in Uzbekistan has seen significant growth, supported by governmental reforms and the establishment of institutional infrastructures like NGO Houses. Conversely, in Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the NGO sector faces stricter state control, limiting their independence and political activities. This paper analyzes the stages of NGO development in these countries, highlighting both successes and challenges, and argues for context-based approaches to strengthen civil society in the region, taking into account the different political landscapes. The findings underscore the critical role of NGOs in fostering democratic practices, addressing social issues, and contributing to the overall socio-economic development of Central Asian nations.
The Impact of Global Pandemics on Small and Medium-scale Enterprises in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Example
The 16th Ebola outbreak in the Kasai Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo in September 20205 renewed palpable fears of a possible spread of the deadly virus to West Africa, especially in Nigeria, where the outbreak of 2014 seriously disrupted mostly Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) that are yet to recover from the impact. In an increasingly globalised world, interconnected by land, air, and sea, pandemics in one remote country can spread quickly and disrupt the supply chains in far-flung locations, leading to disastrous social and economic consequences for commercial transactions, especially SMEs. They drive innovation and create more jobs than the public service, but are prone to layoffs and construction. Luckily, the latest outbreak was promptly contained to the relief of global disease-tracking agencies. As one advertisement on the Cable News Network (CNN) declares: Everything is connected to business, just as business is connected to everything else. In Nigeria, these pandemics significantly disrupted the already struggling Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), resulting in lower productivity, substantial financial losses, and increased unemployment, with dire consequences for the government and the rest of society. The WHO identifies weak healthcare systems, poor access to quality healthcare, and atavistic cultural norms as contributing factors to the spread of HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and COVID-19 in many developing nations. The study relies on quantitative approaches and secondary data to highlight the negative impact of global pandemics on SMEs in Nigeria, especially the challenges they faced during and after the outbreaks. The paper proposes more effective and inclusive strategies to reduce the adverse effects of future pandemics on SMEs, including reinforcing digital infrastructure to minimise human contact, sourcing contingency funding, and government support at all levels to keep SMEs functional and profitable, even in crises.