American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
type: channel
description: American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157) - is open-access peer-reviewed research on the theory, practice, processes, and outcomes of diplomacy in both its traditional state-based forms, as well as contemporary diplomatic expressions practiced by states and non-state entities. Journal publishes a range of articles pertaining to public diplomacy and related fields, including international relations, public relations, public affairs, media studies, cultural studies, economics, and nation branding.
publisher: GRN Journals Incorporation
language: en
publication name: American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
issn: 2993-2157
items: From Tariffs to Diplomatic Tension: The Impact of Trade Restriction Measures on U.S.–China Bilateral Political Relations, 2015–2025
items: Impact of Green Taxation on the Efficiency and Development of the Service Sector: A Comparative Analysis
items: Pedagogical Conditions for Improving The Effectiveness of Preventive Work With Juvenile Offenders
items: Sustainable Tourism Development in Emerging Economies: Policy, Environmental, and Socio-Economic Perspectives from Uzbekistan
items: The Role of Digital Transformation in Uzbekistan: Digital Intelligence
items: The Mechanism of State Administration in The Republic of Uzbekistan: Modernization and Prospective Development Directions
items: Language, Style, and Discursive Structure of Art Journalism: A Socio-Linguistic Analysis of Karakalpakstan Media
items: Legal Status of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Society: Toward a New Legal Ideology
items: Improving Banking Services for Corporate and Retail Customers
items: The Essence of the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law into the Military Legislation of Uzbekistan
items: Legal Standards of European Union Directives in E-Commerce and Their Implementation in German and French Legislation
items: Macroeconomic Effectiveness of Foreign Trade Policy in The National Economy
items: A Systematic Approach to Developing Leadership Competencies in Preschool Education Management
items: The Role of Board Diversity in Enhancing Organizational Performance
items: The African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) and Regional Integration: An Analysis of Asymmetric Interdependence Theory with the EAC, ECOWAS and ECCAS
items: Material Resource Administration and Organizational Productivity in Public Corporations in Cameroon: A Case Study of the Cameroon Development Corporation and PAMOL Plantations PLC
items: Combating Tax Offenses: Causes, Prevention Policy and Detection System
items: Property Tax System: A Tax Mechanism for Legal Entities and Individuals
items: Environmental Taxes and Their Role in The Development of a Green Economy
items: The Role of Excise Tax in Economic Development
items: The Role of Value Added Tax and Excise Tax in The Economy
items: The Role of Natural Resource Taxes in the State Budget
items: Turnover Tax and its Role in the Economy
items: Taxation System for The Use of Water Resources and Subsoil
items: The Role of Tax Policy in Increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
items: Social Tax and its Role in the Economy
items: Taxation Challenges in The Digital Economy and Ways to Address Them
items: The Impact of Taxes on The State Budget and Their Significance in The National Economy
items: The Importance of Education and Awareness in Forming Tax Culture
items: Tax Reforms in Uzbekistan: Recent Changes and Economic Impact

From Tariffs to Diplomatic Tension: The Impact of Trade Restriction Measures on U.S.–China Bilateral Political Relations, 2015–2025
type: item
description: This study examined from tariffs to diplomatic tension: the impact of trade restriction measures on U.S.–China bilateral political relations, 2015-2025. The problem of the study was that U.S.–China tariff escalation, despite the initial claim of an economic adjustment tool, increasingly created diplomatic tension, eroded trust, realigned global trade relations and failed to address fundamental systemic disputes over intellectual property, market access, technological competition and strategic competition. The study sought to understand the impact of tariff escalation on diplomacy, the effects of trade restrictions on global diplomatic alliances, and whether tariffs solved or exacerbated structural issues between the two powers. The study used a qualitative method. Secondary sources of data included textbooks, journal articles, government publications, newspapers, policy documents and international media. These were analysed using content analysis. The research was guided by Bargaining Theory of War, also known as James Fearon's theory, which explained how bargaining failure, lack of trust, lack of information and miscalculation could turn bargaining tools into war-making tools. The study found that the U.S. and China's tariffs escalated trade relations into diplomatic conflict. Tariffs escalated retaliation, eroded trust in negotiation, bred mistrust between the U.S. and China, and prompted states in the international system to realign their diplomatic and economic relations. The study also revealed that tariffs did not significantly address systemic challenges; they exacerbated competition by intertwining trade, technology, national security and geopolitical influence. The study found that tariffs were not economic policies but diplomatic tools that transformed bilateral U.S.-China relations and contributed to global diplomatic repositioning. The study urged continued multilateral engagement, global trade co-operation and prudent tariffs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tariffs
  topic: keywords
subject: Trade restrictions
  topic: keywords
subject: U.S.–China relations
  topic: keywords
subject: diplomatic tension
  topic: keywords
subject: bilateral politics
  topic: keywords
creator: Ebimnamaonye, Herbert Chukwudi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 19
ending page: 34

Impact of Green Taxation on the Efficiency and Development of the Service Sector: A Comparative Analysis
type: item
description: This study investigates the multifaceted impact of green taxation on the efficiency and sustainable development of the service sector across diverse economic landscapes. It aims to evaluate how environmental levies influence operational costs, innovation adoption, and overall sectoral growth. Utilizing a comparative quantitative approach, the research analyzes longitudinal data from 2018 to 2024 across selected emerging and developed economies. A Fixed Effects (FE) regression model is employed to isolate the impact of environmental tax revenues on service-oriented Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI). The results indicate a "U-shaped" relationship between green tax intensity and sectoral efficiency. While initial implementation increases operational overhead, long-term adherence fosters significant technological shifts toward digitalization, which reduces carbon footprints and improves margins. This paper bridges the gap in environmental economics by focusing specifically on the service sector, an area often overlooked in favor of manufacturing, and introduces a cross-regional comparative framework that accounts for varying levels of institutional maturity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Green Taxation
  topic: keywords
subject: Service Sector Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Fiscal Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Efficiency Index
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Emerging Economies
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon Pricing
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Upgrading
  topic: keywords
subject: Porter Hypothesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Haqnazarova Yulduz Juraqulovna
creator: Baratov Doston
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 14
ending page: 18

Pedagogical Conditions for Improving The Effectiveness of Preventive Work With Juvenile Offenders
type: item
description: This article examines the pedagogical conditions for improving the effectiveness of preventive work with juvenile offenders. The study analyzes the socio-pedagogical, psychological, and educational factors influencing juvenile delinquency prevention. The research is based on pedagogical, sociological, psychological, comparative, and empirical methods. Particular attention is devoted to the role of educational institutions, family environment, moral education, psychological support, and interdisciplinary cooperation in preventive activity. The empirical results demonstrated that individualized pedagogical approaches, mentorship programs, legal education, and interactive preventive methods positively influenced behavioral correction, emotional stability, social adaptation, and legal awareness among adolescents. The study concludes that effective preventive work with minors requires systematic pedagogical support and coordinated cooperation between schools, families, psychologists, and preventive institutions. The findings may contribute to improving preventive educational practice and strengthening juvenile delinquency prevention systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Juvenile Offenders
  topic: keywords
subject: Prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: Pedagogy
  topic: keywords
subject: Delinquent Behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Environment
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychological Support
  topic: keywords
subject: Preventive Activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Kazakbaev Bakhadir Malimovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 7
ending page: 13

Sustainable Tourism Development in Emerging Economies: Policy, Environmental, and Socio-Economic Perspectives from Uzbekistan
type: item
description: Sustainable tourism has become a critical component of economic development strategies in emerging economies. This study examines the potential and challenges of sustainable tourism development in Uzbekistan, a country with rich cultural heritage and growing international tourism appeal. The research analyzes current policies, environmental impacts, and socio-economic benefits associated with tourism growth. Using a mixed-method approach, the study evaluates how sustainable practices can be integrated into Uzbekistan’s tourism sector to ensure long-term economic, environmental, and social benefits. The findings suggest that while Uzbekistan has significant opportunities, stronger policy implementation, infrastructure improvements, and stakeholder engagement are required to achieve sustainable tourism development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourism development
  topic: keywords
subject: Emerging economies
  topic: keywords
subject: Uzbekistan Eco-tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic impact
  topic: keywords
creator: Kodirov Marufjon
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-05-02
publication date: 2026-05-02
starting page: 1
ending page: 6

The Role of Digital Transformation in Uzbekistan: Digital Intelligence
type: item
description: In modern realities, vast volumes of digital data have become a key economic resource. These data are generated through the analysis of “digital footprints” left on various digital platforms as a result of the activities of individuals, social groups, or enterprises. Taking into account current realities and trends, Uzbekistan has also intensified its transition to a digital economy through the development of digital intelligence. This is confirmed by the statement of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan in his Address to the Oliy Majlis: “…we must develop a National Concept for the Digital Economy, aimed at modernizing all sectors of the economy based on digital technologies, and on this foundation implement the ‘Digital Uzbekistan–2030’ program.”
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Measures
  topic: keywords
subject: State
  topic: keywords
subject: Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Uzbekistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Footprint
  topic: keywords
subject: Realities
  topic: keywords
subject: Resources
  topic: keywords
creator: Narzulayeva D. K.
creator: Musakhanova V. K.
creator: Alimova Z. Kh.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 50
ending page: 56

The Mechanism of State Administration in The Republic of Uzbekistan: Modernization and Prospective Development Directions
type: item
description: This research work is devoted to the study of the conceptual foundations of the modern public administration system in the Republic of Uzbekistan and its evolutionary stages. The article deeply analyzes the issues of digitizing the administrative apparatus, minimizing corruption risks, and bringing the quality of interactive services to the population to a new level. Also, the author's approaches and scientific proposals for the practical implementation of the "democratic state" model are put forward.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Administrative reforms
  topic: keywords
subject: government activities
  topic: keywords
subject: digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: public service
  topic: keywords
subject: transparency
  topic: keywords
subject: human dignity
  topic: keywords
subject: legitimacy
  topic: keywords
subject: innovative management
  topic: keywords
creator: Sukhrob Ochilov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 46
ending page: 49

Language, Style, and Discursive Structure of Art Journalism: A Socio-Linguistic Analysis of Karakalpakstan Media
type: item
description: This study examines the linguo-communicative transformation of art journalism in the regional media of Karakalpakstan. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach that combines content, discourse, and linguo-cultural analysis, the research identifies the structural and functional features of art-related media texts. The findings reveal that art journalism operates as a three-layered system integrating informational, analytical, and expressive components within a single discourse. These elements are not isolated but function simultaneously, forming a hybrid communicative structure. The study shows that media texts related to art go beyond factual reporting by incorporating interpretation and aesthetic expression. As a result, art journalism emerges as a complex system that combines information delivery with cultural and aesthetic meaning-making.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Art journalism
  topic: keywords
subject: linguo-communicative model
  topic: keywords
subject: media discourse
  topic: keywords
subject: Karakalpakstan
  topic: keywords
subject: regional media
  topic: keywords
subject: linguistic analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: aesthetic discourse
  topic: keywords
subject: hybrid communication
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural communication
  topic: keywords
subject: media language
  topic: keywords
creator: Gulmira Paluanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-27
publication date: 2026-04-27
starting page: 40
ending page: 45

Legal Status of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Society: Toward a New Legal Ideology
type: item
description: This article advances a new legal ideology for understanding artificial intelligence (AI) within civil society. It argues that existing legal systems fail not merely due to regulatory gaps, but due to a deeper conceptual limitation: the inability of law to recognize non-human yet functionally autonomous actors as participants in legal order. The paper introduces the concept of Adaptive Legal Capacity not only as a regulatory model, but as a philosophical transformation in legal reasoning that redefines agency, responsibility, and civil participation. Rather than treating AI as either a tool or a person, this work proposes a continuum-based legal structure in which legal recognition is assigned according to functional behavior and societal impact.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Status of AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptive Legal Capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Ideology
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Personhood
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Legal Recognition
  topic: keywords
subject: AI Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Agency Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Tort Liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Autonomous Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparative Legal Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Frameworks
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil Society
  topic: keywords
creator: Zoyir Eshmurodov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-04-26
publication date: 2026-04-26
starting page: 35
ending page: 39

Improving Banking Services for Corporate and Retail Customers
type: item
description: This article explores ways to improve banking services for both corporate and retail customers in the context of modern financial markets. It highlights the importance of digital transformation, customer-oriented strategies, and innovative financial products in enhancing service quality and competitiveness. The study analyzes current challenges faced by banks, including increasing competition, changing customer expectations, and technological advancements. Special attention is given to the role of digital banking, personalized services, and risk management in meeting diverse client needs. The findings suggest that integrating advanced technologies and improving service efficiency can significantly enhance customer satisfaction and strengthen the position of banks in the financial sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corporate Banking
  topic: keywords
subject: Retail Banking
  topic: keywords
subject: Banking Services
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Customer Satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: Service Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Banking Strategy
  topic: keywords
creator: Saipnazarova Mohinur Utkir kizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-04-26
publication date: 2026-04-26
starting page: 29
ending page: 34

The Essence of the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law into the Military Legislation of Uzbekistan
type: item
description: This scientific article comprehensively analyzes the theoretical and legal foundations, current state, and existing problems of implementing the norms of international humanitarian law into the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study of international humanitarian law, its sources and national processes are highlighted, and the legal nature of their mechanisms in the legal system is revealed. The proposals and recommendations put forward in the article serve to ensure the further improvement of military legislation in the Republic of Uzbekistan, ensuring the completeness of opportunities for armed conflicts, and reliable protection of human rights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: international humanitarian law
  topic: keywords
subject: implementation
  topic: keywords
subject: military legislation,
  topic: keywords
subject: Geneva Conventions
  topic: keywords
subject: war crimes
  topic: keywords
subject: national legislation
  topic: keywords
subject: Rome Statute
  topic: keywords
creator: Ravshanov Ulugbek Makhmurbekovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-04-14
publication date: 2026-04-14
starting page: 22
ending page: 28

Legal Standards of European Union Directives in E-Commerce and Their Implementation in German and French Legislation
type: item
description: This paper examines the legal framework for consumer protection in e-commerce within the European Union (EU), with a particular focus on the Consumer Rights Directive, the E-Commerce Directive, the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, and the Unfair Terms Directive. It analyzes how these EU directives establish principles such as clear pre-contractual information, the right of withdrawal, transparency, and the prohibition of misleading or aggressive commercial practices. The study further compares these regulations with the national legislations of Germany and France, highlighting mechanisms that ensure consumer rights, prevent unfair practices, and enhance trust in digital markets. Finally, the paper explores the applicability of these legal models for countries outside the EU, particularly Uzbekistan, suggesting ways to strengthen its e-commerce legal framework and provide a reliable, consumer-friendly digital environment
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Shokhjakhon Toshtemirov Orifjon Ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-04-14
publication date: 2026-04-14
starting page: 16
ending page: 21

Macroeconomic Effectiveness of Foreign Trade Policy in The National Economy
type: item
description: This article analyzes the role of foreign trade policy in the development of the national economy, its impact on macroeconomic indicators, and the issues of increasing its economic efficiency. The study examines foreign trade policy as an important component of the state's economic strategy, The importance of regulating export and import operations, supporting national producers, and expanding international trade relations is scientifically substantiated. The article analyzes the role of foreign trade policy in ensuring macroeconomic stability, specifically its impact on the growth of gross domestic product, increased investment activity, improved employment levels, and maintaining a balanced balance of payments. Additionally, special attention is paid to effectively shaping foreign trade policy in the context of modern globalization processes, increasing export potential, optimizing the composition of imports, and strengthening the competitiveness of the national economy. The study analyzed opportunities to ensure the stable development of the national economy, expand production volume, and improve the country's position in the international economic system through the improvement of foreign trade policy. the opportunities for ensuring the stable development of the national economy by improving foreign trade policy, expanding production volume, creating new jobs, and strengthening the country's position in the international economic system were analyzed. In addition, the problems that arise in the process of implementing foreign trade policy and the economic mechanisms for addressing them were also examined. The research findings serve to develop scientifically grounded proposals and recommendations for enhancing the macroeconomic efficiency of foreign trade policy in the national economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: foreign trade policy
  topic: keywords
subject: macroeconomic efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: national economy
  topic: keywords
subject: export
  topic: keywords
subject: import
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: balance of trade
  topic: keywords
subject: investments
  topic: keywords
subject: globalization
  topic: keywords
subject: economic stability
  topic: keywords
subject: international trade relations
  topic: keywords
subject: economic competitiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Urunbayeva Yulduz Pirnazarovna
creator: Togayev Abror Akbar ugli
creator: Sobirov Murodbek Bekjon ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-04-10
publication date: 2026-04-10
starting page: 10
ending page: 15

A Systematic Approach to Developing Leadership Competencies in Preschool Education Management
type: item
description: This article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of developing leadership competencies in preschool education management. As educational institutions face rapid and far-reaching change, the responsibilities of preschool leaders have grown well beyond traditional administration, now encompassing strategic thinking, adaptability, and the capacity to drive meaningful innovation. The study surveys contemporary methods, forms, and tools for building leadership competencies — including continuous professional development, mentoring systems, and digital learning environments — and gives particular attention to how competencies are assessed and monitored over time. It also explores how organizational and individual factors interact to shape leadership effectiveness. The findings affirm that a systematic, sustained approach to leadership development is both necessary and achievable, and offer practical recommendations for improving management quality across preschool institutions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Leadership Competency
  topic: keywords
subject: Preschool Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Strategic Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Professional Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Leadership
  topic: keywords
creator: Berdieva Dilafruz Shukhratovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-04-10
publication date: 2026-04-10
starting page: 6
ending page: 9

The Role of Board Diversity in Enhancing Organizational Performance
type: item
description: Board diversity has gained increasing attention as a key component of effective corporate governance and a driver of organizational performance. This study examines the impact of board diversity—encompassing gender, age, educational background, professional expertise, and cultural diversity—on firm performance and strategic decision-making. Using a sample of publicly listed firms across diverse industries, the research analyzes how heterogeneous board structures influence financial performance, innovation capacity, and governance quality. The findings suggest that diverse boards contribute positively to organizational performance by enhancing creativity, improving problem-solving capabilities, and strengthening monitoring functions. In particular, gender and professional diversity are found to have a significant effect on financial outcomes and innovation-driven growth. However, the study also highlights that the effectiveness of board diversity depends on inclusive organizational cultures and well-defined governance processes. The results provide important implications for policymakers, corporate leaders, and investors seeking to optimize board composition for sustainable value creation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: board diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: organizational performance
  topic: keywords
subject: corporate governance
  topic: keywords
subject: gender diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: board composition
  topic: keywords
subject: firm performance
  topic: keywords
subject: innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: strategic decision-making
  topic: keywords
creator: Usmanova Nasiba Akbarjonovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) and Regional Integration: An Analysis of Asymmetric Interdependence Theory with the EAC, ECOWAS and ECCAS
type: item
description: This article explores regional integration under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) through the lens of Asymmetric Interdependence Theory (AIT) (Keohane and Nye, 1977). It examines the coexistence of symmetry shared institutional commitments and asymmetry differences in capacities and leverage across Africa’s major regional economic communities (RECs): the EAC, ECOWAS and ECCAS. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study synthesizes quantitative data on trade, infrastructure and institutional alignment with qualitative policy analysis. Results indicate that, while AfCFTA’s institutional symmetry provides a strong framework for cooperation; persistent economic, infrastructural and geopolitical asymmetries continue to shape uneven integration outcomes. Detailed case studies reveal how these interdependence imbalances affect the benefits that member states derive from AfCFTA commitments. The paper concludes with practical policy recommendations to mitigate asymmetry and promote more equitable continental integration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Asymmetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Symmetry
  topic: keywords
creator: KWA Marcel TEM
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-29
publication date: 2026-03-29
starting page: 131
ending page: 150

Material Resource Administration and Organizational Productivity in Public Corporations in Cameroon: A Case Study of the Cameroon Development Corporation and PAMOL Plantations PLC
type: item
description: Material resource administration continues to shape productivity outcomes in Public Corporations, particularly in developing economies where weaknesses in implementation often undermine operational efficiency. This study investigates how lapses in material planning decisions and material organizing and distribution affect organizational productivity in the Cameroon Development Corporation and PAMOL Plantation Plc. The analysis is grounded in Policy Implementation Theory and Administrative Management Theory, which together explain how failures in translating planning and organizing functions into effective action can weaken performance outcomes. A mixed methods design was employed, combining questionnaires, interviews, and observation, with quantitative data analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-Square test. The findings indicate that ineffective material planning disrupts production schedules and task completion, while weak organizing and distribution systems constrain employee output and coordination. The study concludes that implementation deficiencies in core administrative functions significantly undermine productivity in public agro-industrial corporations. Strengthening internal planning mechanisms and organizational coordination is therefore critical to improving performance and sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Material Resource Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Corporations
  topic: keywords
creator: Lydia Enanga Nguve
creator: Etuge Fritz Nzoge
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-28
publication date: 2026-03-28
starting page: 118
ending page: 130

Combating Tax Offenses: Causes, Prevention Policy and Detection System
type: item
description: This article analyzes the current issues of combating tax offenses, their underlying causes, prevention policies, and the effectiveness of the detection system. According to the research findings, the main causes of tax offenses have been identified as the high tax burden, the complexity of tax legislation, the large share of the shadow economy, and the insufficient development of tax culture. In particular, according to certain estimates, the share of the shadow economy accounts for around 20–30 percent of gross domestic product, which leads to a significant loss of tax revenues. The article also substantiates the importance of digitalization processes in preventing tax offenses, particularly the introduction of electronic invoices, online cash register machines, and automated analytical systems. According to practical data, the widespread implementation of digital tax control tools has resulted in a 15–20 percent increase in tax revenues in certain sectors. At the same time, it is emphasized that the effectiveness of detecting violations can be improved through the enhancement of tax audits, the development of a risk analysis–based control system, and the establishment of effective communication with taxpayers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tax Offenses
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Shadow Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Audit
  topic: keywords
subject: Digitalization
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Invoice
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Revenues
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Culture
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Togayev Abror Akbar ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-29
publication date: 2026-03-29
starting page: 113
ending page: 117

Property Tax System: A Tax Mechanism for Legal Entities and Individuals
type: item
description: This article analyzes the property tax system in the Republic of Uzbekistan and tax mechanisms applicable to legal entities and individuals. This type of tax is an important source of state budget revenues, and in 2023 its share was about 8-10%. Tax rates for legal entities are set at an average of 1.5-2%, and for individuals - from 0.1% to 1.5%. The article covers issues of determining the tax base based on cadastral value, improving the system of benefits and tax administration. As a result, the effectiveness of the property tax system depends on the digitalization and accurate valuation system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Property Tax
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Mechanism
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Entities and Individuals
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Rates
  topic: keywords
subject: Cadastral Value
  topic: keywords
subject: State Budget
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Administration
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Tuychieva Sevinch Ulmasbek qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-28
publication date: 2026-03-28
starting page: 108
ending page: 112

Environmental Taxes and Their Role in The Development of a Green Economy
type: item
description: Environmental degradation and climate change have become major global challenges, requiring effective policy responses from governments worldwide. One of the key economic instruments used to address these issues is environmental taxation. Environmental taxes are designed to reduce pollution, encourage efficient use of natural resources, and promote sustainable economic growth. This article examines the role of environmental taxes in the development of a green economy. It analyzes theoretical foundations, international practices, and the economic and environmental impacts of such taxes. The study concludes that environmental taxation is an essential tool for achieving long-term sustainability and supporting the transition to a green economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Environmental Taxes
  topic: keywords
subject: Green Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon Taxation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecological Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Change Mitigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable Energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiscal Instruments
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Green Growth
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Umarov Faxriddin Sherzod ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-28
publication date: 2026-03-28
starting page: 103
ending page: 107

The Role of Excise Tax in Economic Development
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the role of excise tax in economic development, focusing on its fiscal, regulatory, and social functions. The research investigates how excise taxation influences consumption patterns, public health outcomes, and government revenue in developing economies, particularly Uzbekistan. The study adopts a mixed-method approach combining econometric analysis, comparative analysis, and theoretical evaluation. Secondary data from national statistics and international reports were used. Regression analysis was applied to assess the relationship between excise tax revenue, consumption of excisable goods, and GDP growth. The findings indicate that excise taxes significantly contribute to government revenues and effectively reduce the consumption of harmful goods such as tobacco and alcohol. However, excessively high excise taxes may lead to illicit trade and tax evasion. This study integrates public finance theory with behavioral economics, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding excise taxation as both a fiscal and regulatory instrument.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Excise Tax
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiscal Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumption Behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Indirect Taxation
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Finance
  topic: keywords
subject: Price Elasticity
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal og‘li
creator: Nuboboyeva Zulayho
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-28
publication date: 2026-03-28
starting page: 99
ending page: 102

The Role of Value Added Tax and Excise Tax in The Economy
type: item
description: This article analyzes the role of value-added tax (VAT) and excise tax in the economy, their importance in forming state budget revenues, and their impact on economic processes. It also scientifically examines the effects of these taxes on consumption, production, and price levels. The fiscal and regulatory functions of VAT and excise taxes, their role in ensuring economic stability, and their connection with ongoing tax policy reforms in the Republic of Uzbekistan are discussed. The study substantiates that the effective application of these taxes is an important factor in stimulating economic growth, reducing the share of the shadow economy, and ensuring budget stability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Value-Added Tax
  topic: keywords
subject: Excise Tax
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: State Budget
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiscal Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumption Taxes
  topic: keywords
subject: Price Mechanism
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Revenues
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Stability
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Mirziyo Mirzaahmedov Ulugbek ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-28
publication date: 2026-03-28
starting page: 94
ending page: 98

The Role of Natural Resource Taxes in the State Budget
type: item
description: This article analyzes the role of natural resource taxes in forming state budget revenues, their economic significance, and their contribution to ensuring fiscal stability. In particular, the share of such payments as subsoil use tax, water resource use tax, and land tax in the state budget revenues of the Republic of Uzbekistan is examined based on statistical data. As a result of tax reforms implemented in recent years, revenues from natural resource taxes have shown a stable growth trend, accounting for an average of 12–15 percent of state budget revenues in 2023–2025. At the same time, these taxes serve as an important instrument for encouraging the rational use of economic resources, maintaining ecological balance, and supporting regional development. The study also identifies existing problems, including low efficiency in resource utilization and the incomplete formation of the tax base in certain sectors, and proposes scientifically grounded recommendations to address them.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: natural resource taxes
  topic: keywords
subject: state budget
  topic: keywords
subject: tax revenues
  topic: keywords
subject: subsoil resources
  topic: keywords
subject: water resources
  topic: keywords
subject: land tax
  topic: keywords
subject: fiscal policy
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: tax reforms
  topic: keywords
subject: economic efficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Zarifov Amirbek Oybek ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 89
ending page: 93

Turnover Tax and its Role in the Economy
type: item
description: This study examines the role of turnover tax in supporting small business development and ensuring fiscal stability in the economy. The research is based on empirical analysis of tax revenue structures, particularly focusing on the contribution of small business taxes to total budget revenues. The findings indicate that turnover tax plays a significant role in expanding the tax base and increasing government revenues by simplifying tax compliance for small and medium-sized enterprises. The analysis also shows that turnover tax contributes to the formalization of economic activity and improves tax administration efficiency. However, the study highlights potential limitations, including the unequal tax burden on low-profit businesses. The results suggest that turnover tax is an effective fiscal instrument when combined with digital tax administration and balanced tax policy design.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: turnover tax
  topic: keywords
subject: small business taxation
  topic: keywords
subject: fiscal policy
  topic: keywords
subject: tax revenue
  topic: keywords
subject: tax compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: SME development
  topic: keywords
subject: tax administration
  topic: keywords
subject: economic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Uzbekistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal oglu
creator: Siddiqov Ramazon
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 85
ending page: 88

Taxation System for The Use of Water Resources and Subsoil
type: item
description: This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects of taxation for the use of water resources and subsoil. In particular, it examines the economic essence of these taxes, their role in forming the state budget, and their importance in encouraging the rational use of natural resources. The study also reviews the tax rates applied for the use of water resources and subsoil in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the procedures for their calculation and collection, and the existing legal framework. Furthermore, within the context of recent tax reforms implemented in the country, the article analyzes measures aimed at improving the efficiency of natural resource utilization, ensuring environmental safety, and promoting resource conservation. Based on statistical data and practical experience, the research identifies existing problems in the use of water and subsoil resources and proposes ways to address them. The article develops scientifically grounded conclusions and recommendations aimed at improving natural resource taxation, increasing its economic efficiency, ensuring environmental sustainability, and enhancing state budget revenues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Water Resources
  topic: keywords
subject: Subsoil
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural Resource Taxes
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax System
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: State Budget
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Rational Use of Resources
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Rates
  topic: keywords
subject: Uzbekistan’s Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Reforms
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Tuychiyev Shamsiddin Qahramon ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 80
ending page: 84

The Role of Tax Policy in Increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
type: item
description: This study examines the role of tax policy in promoting gross domestic product (GDP) growth within modern economic systems. The research analyzes how different components of tax policy, including direct taxes, indirect taxes, and tax incentives, influence key macroeconomic variables such as investment, consumption, and overall economic activity. The findings indicate that a well-designed tax policy can significantly stimulate economic growth by encouraging private sector investment, increasing production efficiency, and maintaining fiscal stability. In particular, reductions in corporate tax rates and the implementation of targeted tax incentives are shown to enhance capital formation and sectoral development. At the same time, the study highlights the importance of maintaining a balanced tax structure to avoid negative effects on consumption and income distribution. The experience of Uzbekistan demonstrates that recent tax reforms, including the simplification of tax administration and digitalization of tax systems, have contributed to stable GDP growth and improved economic performance. The results suggest that effective tax policy is a critical instrument for achieving sustainable economic development and macroeconomic stability in both developing and transition economies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tax Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: GDP Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiscal Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Incentives
  topic: keywords
subject: Investment
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumption
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Administratio
  topic: keywords
subject: Macroeconomic Stability
  topic: keywords
subject: Uzbekistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal oglu
creator: Usmonov Ilhom
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 76
ending page: 79

Social Tax and its Role in the Economy
type: item
description: This article provides a general overview of social tax, which is considered one of the most important types of taxes among all existing taxes today. It also analyzes the significance of social tax, the directions in which the collected funds are allocated, and its role in the social sphere.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: tax incentives
  topic: keywords
subject: tax base
  topic: keywords
subject: social sector
  topic: keywords
subject: pension fund
  topic: keywords
subject: budget organizations
  topic: keywords
subject: public services
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Aliyev Murodjon Zafarjonovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 72
ending page: 75

Taxation Challenges in The Digital Economy and Ways to Address Them
type: item
description: This article explores the challenges of taxation in the digital economy with a specific focus on the Uzbekistan. The rapid growth of digital technologies, e-commerce, and cross-border online services has significantly complicated the functioning of traditional tax systems. The study highlights key issues such as the lack of physical presence of digital companies, difficulties in determining tax jurisdiction, and the risks of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS). In the context of the Uzbekistan, these challenges are particularly important due to the ongoing digital transformation and economic reforms. The paper also analyzes recent policy measures, including the introduction of VAT on digital services, the expansion of electronic tax administration, and efforts to align national tax regulations with international standards proposed by the OECD. It is concluded that strengthening tax administration, enhancing international cooperation, and adopting advanced digital technologies are essential for improving tax compliance, increasing fiscal revenues, and ensuring sustainable economic development in the Uzbekistan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Taxation
  topic: keywords
subject: Uzbekistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: E-Commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Services Tax
  topic: keywords
subject: VAT on Digital Services
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: BEPS
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Minimum Tax
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Avoidance
  topic: keywords
subject: Profit Shifting
  topic: keywords
subject: International Taxation
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiscal Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: IT Sector
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Government
  topic: keywords
subject: Online Payments
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Nuridinov Bexruz Akbar ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 66
ending page: 71

The Impact of Taxes on The State Budget and Their Significance in The National Economy
type: item
description: This article examines the impact of taxes on the state budget and their significance in the national economy of Uzbekistan. The study is based on macroeconomic data for 2020–2024 and highlights that taxes constitute the main source of state budget revenues, maintaining a stable share of over 80%. In particular, total state budget revenues increased from 132.9 trillion UZS in 2020 to 270.5 trillion UZS in 2024, while tax revenues rose from 108.7 trillion UZS to 220.0 trillion UZS during the same period . These indicators demonstrate the effectiveness of tax policy reforms and the strengthening of fiscal stability in the country. The research emphasizes that taxes play a dual role: not only as a source of public finance but also as a key instrument for economic regulation. The findings show that reforms implemented in recent years, including the reduction of tax rates, simplification of tax administration, and digitalization of tax processes, have contributed to expanding the tax base, reducing the shadow economy, and stimulating entrepreneurial activity.Furthermore, the article analyzes the structure of tax revenues, indicating that value-added tax, profit tax, and personal income tax form the largest share of budget revenues. The study concludes that effective tax management is essential for ensuring sustainable economic growth, improving living standards, and maintaining macroeconomic stability. The results underline the importance of continuing tax system modernization in line with international standards and strengthening institutional mechanisms for tax administration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tax System
  topic: keywords
subject: State Budget
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Revenues
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiscal Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: Uzbekistan
  topic: keywords
subject: VAT
  topic: keywords
subject: Budget Stability
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Reforms
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Xabibullayev Bekzod Botirovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 62
ending page: 65

The Importance of Education and Awareness in Forming Tax Culture
type: item
description: This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of education and awareness in the formation of tax culture. According to the research findings, in developed countries, 80–90% of the population comply with paying taxes fully and on time, whereas in developing countries this figure is around 50–65%. In Uzbekistan, recent tax reforms—particularly those implemented during 2020–2024—such as the simplification of tax administration, increasing the share of electronic services to 95%, and improving the system of interaction with taxpayers, have significantly contributed to enhancing tax culture. The article substantiates the importance of developing tax awareness among the younger generation through the education system, as well as strengthening outreach through mass media and digital platforms. Furthermore, it scientifically highlights that improving tax culture directly contributes to economic stability, increased state budget revenues, and a reduction in the share of the shadow economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tax Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: Education System
  topic: keywords
subject: Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiscal Discipline
  topic: keywords
subject: Taxpayers
  topic: keywords
subject: State Budget
  topic: keywords
subject: Shadow Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Reforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Consciousness
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Saidakhmedov Saidjalol Tulqin ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 57
ending page: 61

Tax Reforms in Uzbekistan: Recent Changes and Economic Impact
type: item
description: This article analyzes the recent tax reforms implemented in Uzbekistan and evaluates their impact on the country’s economic development during the period of 2017–2025. In recent years, Uzbekistan has carried out large-scale fiscal reforms aimed at reducing the tax burden, improving tax administration, and increasing the efficiency of public finance management. For instance, the number of major taxes was reduced from 13 to 9, while the corporate income tax rate decreased from 14% to 12%, and the value-added tax (VAT) rate was lowered from 20% to 15%. The reforms also focused on the digitalization of the tax system, including the introduction of electronic tax reporting, online cash registers, and automated VAT refund mechanisms. As a result, tax revenues have shown steady growth, with state budget revenues increasing by more than 1.5 times between 2018 and 2024. Additionally, the share of the shadow economy has gradually declined, while the number of registered businesses has significantly increased. The article examines the impact of these reforms on key economic indicators such as GDP growth, investment inflows, and business activity. In particular, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have increased, exceeding several billion US dollars annually in recent years. The reforms have also contributed to improving Uzbekistan’s position in international rankings related to ease of doing business and tax transparency. Despite these positive outcomes, certain challenges remain, including issues of tax compliance, administrative efficiency, and the need for further institutional reforms. The study concludes that Uzbekistan’s tax reforms have created a more transparent and business-friendly environment, but continuous improvements are necessary to ensure sustainable economic growth and global competitiveness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tax Reforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Uzbekistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiscal Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Rates
  topic: keywords
subject: VAT
  topic: keywords
subject: Corporate Income Tax
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Taxation
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: Shadow Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Government Revenue
  topic: keywords
subject: Business Activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Investment
  topic: keywords
subject: Direct Investment (FDI)
  topic: keywords
subject: SMEs
  topic: keywords
subject: Transparency
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Modernization
  topic: keywords
creator: Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
creator: Sobirov Murodbek Bekjon ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 50
ending page: 56